Characteristics of the four Anchieta Island tree species utilized in the seed fate experiment, listed in order of increasing shade tolerance.

Habitat was determined according to Budowski [103]; seed shape is the variance in seed length, depth and width; the total force is the force required to penetrate each seed coat, expressed in Newtons (N); and the relative force (N*cm) is the force required for the animal to access the endosperm, considering the width of the seed opening. Data are expressed as the mean ± the standard deviation.