Parallel and non-parallel behavioural evolution in response to parasitism and predation in Trinidadian guppies

Natural enemies such as predators and parasites are known to shape intra-specific variability of behaviour and personality in natural populations, yet several key questions remain: (1) What is the relative importance of predation versus parasitism in shaping intra-specific variation of behaviour across generations? (2) What are the contributions of genetic and plastic effects to this behavioural divergence? And (3) to what extent are responses to predation and parasitism repeatable across independent evolutionary lineages? We addressed these questions using Trinidadian guppies (Poecilia reticulata) (1) varying in their exposure to dangerous fish predators and Gyrodactylus ectoparasites, for (2) both wild-caught F0 and laboratory-reared F2 individuals and coming from (3) multiple independent evolutionary lineages (i.e. independent drainages). Several key findings emerged. First, a population's history of predation and parasitism influenced behavioural profiles, but to different extent de...