Characteristics of the study populations of the Shanghai Women’s Health Study and Shanghai Men’s Health Study by red meat intake.*

*Adjusted for age at baseline survey, except for age and food intakes, and shown as mean ± standard errors; age shown as mean standard ± deviation.**Cut-points for income are as follows: for women: low, yuan per household; lower middle, 10,000–19,999 yuan; upper middle, ≥20,000–29,999 yuan; and high, ≥30,000 yuan and for men: low, yuan per capita; lower middle, 500–999 yuan; upper middle, 1,000–1,999 yuan; and high, ≥2,000 yuan.***Only smokers or alcohol consumers were included.†Any individual vitamin A, C, D, A/D or E supplement or multivitamins.‡Adjusted for age and total caloric intake.