Munage genome information

Munage, an ancient grape variety that has been cultivated for thousands of years in Xinjiang, China, is recognized for its exceptional fruit traits. There are two main types of Munage: white fruit (WM) and red fruit (RM). However, the lack of a high-quality genome assembly has impeded effective breeding and restricted the potential for expanding these varieties to other growing regions. In this study, we present the haplotype-resolved genome assemblies for WM and RM, alongside integrated transcriptome data to illuminate the genes associated with fruit color traits. Population subdivision studies indicate that Munage grapes has the same origin as the domesticated grapes breeding practices in Europe and West Asia. Selective sweep analysis between Munage grapes and Eurasia grapes suggested that adaptive selection exist in Munage. We also examined the mutations within Munage grapes and found that the genes PMAT2 on chromosome 12 and MYB123 on chromosome 13 are likely responsible for color variation in RM. These findings provide crucial genetic resources for investigating the genetics of the ancient Chinese grape variety, Munage, and will facilitate the acceleration of genetic improvement and germplasm innovation in grapevine breeding.