The dispersion of the observable ραi is shown for the region Rheinland-Pfalz in Germany (upper panel) and for the regions Campania and Emilia-Romagna in Italy (lower panel).

More precisely, in panel a we show the set of data LMαi versus Γαi, where αi here runs over all the x provinces in Rheinland-Pfalz; the solid black line represents the best-fit obtained over the whole set of data pertaining to Germany. Notice that the best-fit is the same already presented in Fig 4. In panel b we show ραi obtained by dividing each data point LMαi in panel a by the related expected value f(Γαi). Notice that the values of ραi are scattered randomly around 1. The same passages are applied, mutatis mutandis, in panels c and d; the legend and the best fit are the same as in Fig 5. Notice that now data pertaining to Campania and to Emilia-Romagna are systematically above and below, respectively, the best-fit line. Accordingly, the related values of ραi are always larger and smaller than 1, respectively.