Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2000 - Viet Nam

Abstract
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The Viet Nam Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) was carried by General Statistics Office of Viet Nam (GSO) in collaboration with Viet Nam Committee for Population, Family and Children (VCPFC). Financial and technical support by the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF).

In the World Summit for children held in New York in 1990, the Government of Vietnam committed itself to the implementation of the World Declaration and Plan of Action for children.

In implementation of directive 34/1999/CT-TTg on 27 December 1999 on promoting the implementation of the end-decade goals for children, reviewing the National Plan of Action for children, 1991-2000 and designing the National Plan of Action for children, 2001-2010, in the framework of the “Development of Social Indicators” project, the General Statistical Office (GSO) has chaired and coordinated with the Viet Nam Committee for the Protection and Care for Children (CPCC) to conduct the survey evaluating the end- decade goals for children, 1991-2000 (MICS). MICS has covered a sample size of 7628 households in 240 communes and wards representing the whole country, the urban area, the rural area and the 8 geographical areas in 61 towns/provinces. Field activities to collect data lasted 2 months, May- June/2000. The survey was technically supported by statisticians from EAPRO, UNICEF regional offices, UNICEF Hanoi on sample and questionnaire designing, data input software, not least the software analyzing and calculating the estimates generalizing the results of survey.

Survey Objectives:
The end-decade survey on children is aimed at.
· Providing up-to-date and reliable data to analyse the situation of children and women in 2000.
· Providing data to assess the implementation of the World summit goals for children and of the National Plan of Action for Vietnamese Children, 1991-2000.
· Serving as a basis (with baseline data and information) for development of the National Plan of Action for Children, 2001-2010.
· Building professional capacity in monitoring, managing and evaluating all the goals of child protection, care and education at all levels.

Geographic coverage
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The 2000 MICS of Vietnam was a nationally representative sample survey.

Analysis unit
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Households, Women, Child.

Kind of data
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Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure
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The sample for the Viet Nam Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICSII) was designed to provide reliable estimates on a large number of indicators on the situation of children and women at the national level, for urban and rural areas, and for 8 regions: Red River Delta, North West, North East, North Central Coast, South Central Coast, Central Highlands, South East, and Mekong River Delta. Regions were identified as the main sampling domains and the sample was selected in two stages:
At the first stage, 240 EAs are sellected. After a household listing was carried out within the selected enumeration areas, a systematic sample of 1/3 of households in each EA was drawn. The survey managed to visit all of 240 selected EAs during the fieldwork period. The sample was stratified by region and is not self-weighting. For reporting national level results, sample weights are used.

Sampling deviation
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No major deviations from the original sample design were made. All sample enumeration areas were accessed and successfully interviewed with good response rates.

Mode of data collection
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Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument
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The questionnaires for MICS in Vietnam are based on the New York UNICEF module questionnaires with some modifications and additions to fit in with Vietnam's context and to evaluate the goals set out in the National Plan of Action. The questionnaires have been arranged in such a way as to prevent the loss of questionnaire sheets and to facilitate the logic control between the items in the modules. Questionnaires include 3 sections. Section 1: general questions to be administered to families and family members. Section 2: questions for child bearing-age women (aged 15-49). Section 3: for children under 5.

Section 1: Household questionnaire
Part A: Household information panel
Part B: Household listing form
Part C: Education
Part D: Child labour
Part E: Maternal mortality
Part F: Water and sanitation
Part G: Salt iodization

Section 2: Questionnaire for child bearing-age women
Part A: Child mortality
Part B: Tetanus toxoid (TT)
Part C: Maternal and newborn health
Part D: Contraceptive use
Part E: HIV/AIDS

Section 3: Questionnaire for children under five
Part A:Birth registration and early learning
Part B: Vitamin A
Part C: Breastfeeding
Part D: Care of illness
Part E: Malaria
Part F: Immunization
Part G: Anthropometry

Apart from the questionnaires to collect information at family level, questionnaires are also designed to gather information at community level supplementary to some indicators that can not have data collected at family level. The information garnered includes local population, socio-economic and physical conditions, education, health and progress of projects/plans of actions for children.

Cleaning operations
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To minimize the errors made by data entry staff members, all the records were double- entered by two different members. Any error detected between the two entries was re-checked to find out which one is wrong.
Data cleaning started in to early September. This process was closely observed to ensure the accuracy, quality and practicality of all the data collected.

To minimize the errors due to wrong statements of respondents or wrong registration by interviewers, a cleaning programme was used to check the consistency and logic in the items of questionnaires and between the questionnaires. The cleaning programme printed out all the errors, then questionnaires were checked by qualified officials.

Response rate
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8356 households were selected for the sample. Of these all were found to be occupied households and 8355 were successfully interviewed for a response rate of 100%. Within these households, 10063 eligible women aged 15-49 were identified for interview, of which 9473 were successfully interviewed (response rate 94.1%), and 2707 children aged 0-4 were identified for whom the mother or caretaker was successfully interviewed for 2680 children (response rate 99%).

Sampling error estimates
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Estimates from a sample survey are affected by two types of errors: 1) non-sampling errors and 2) sampling errors. Non-sampling errors are the results of mistakes made in the implementation of data collection and data processing. Numerous efforts were made during implementation of the MICS - 3 to minimize this type of error, however, non-sampling errors are impossible to avoid and difficult to evaluate statistically.

Sampling errors can be evaluated statistically. The sample of respondents to the MICS - 3 is only one of many possible samples that could have been selected from the same population, using the same design and expected size. Each of these samples would yield results that different somewhat from the results of the actual sample selected. Sampling errors are a measure of the variability in the results of the survey between all possible samples, and, although, the degree of variability is not known exactly, it can be estimated from the survey results. The sampling errors are measured in terms of the standard error for a particular statistic (mean or percentage), which is the square root of the variance. Confidence intervals are calculated for each statistic within which the true value for the population can be assumed to fall. Plus or minus two standard errors of the statistic is used for key statistics presented in MICS, equivalent to a 95 percent confidence interval.

If the sample of respondents had been a simple random sample, it would have been possible to use straightforward formulae for calculating sampling errors. However, the MICS - 3 sample is the result of a two-stage stratified design, and consequently needs to use more complex formulae. The SPSS complex samples module has been used to calculate sampling errors for the MICS - 3. This module uses the Taylor linearization method of variance estimation for survey estimates that are means or proportions. This method is documented in the SPSS file CSDescriptives.pdf found under the Help, Algorithms options in SPSS.

Sampling errors have been calculated for a select set of statistics (all of which are proportions due to the limitations of the Taylor linearization method) for the national sample, urban and rural areas, and for each of the five regions. For each statistic, the estimate, its standard error, the coefficient of variation (or relative error -- the ratio between the standard error and the estimate), the design effect, and the square root design effect (DEFT -- the ratio between the standard error using the given sample design and the standard error that would result if a simple random sample had been used), as well as the 95 percent confidence intervals (+/-2 standard errors).

Data appraisal
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A series of data quality tables and graphs are available to review the quality of the data and include the following:

Age distribution of the household population
Age distribution of eligible women and interviewed women
Age distribution of eligible children and children for whom the mother or caretaker was interviewed
Age distribution of children under age 5 by 3 month groups
Age and period ratios at boundaries of eligibility
Percent of observations with missing information on selected variables
Presence of mother in the household and person interviewed for the under 5 questionnaire
School attendance by single year age
Sex ratio at birth among children ever born, surviving and dead by age of respondent
Distribution of women by time since last birth
Population pyramid

The results of each of these data quality tables are shown in the appendix of the final report.

The general rule for presentation of missing data in the final report tabulations is that a column is presented for missing data if the percentage of cases with missing data is 1% or more. Cases with missing data on the background characteristics (e.g. education) are included in the tables, but the missing data rows are suppressed and noted at the bottom of the tables in the report (not in the SPSS output, however).

摘要
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越南多项指标群组调查（MICS）由越南国家统计局（GSO）与越南人口、家庭和儿童委员会（VCPFC）合作开展，并得到联合国儿童基金会（UNICEF）的财务和技术支持。
在1990年于纽约举行的儿童世界峰会上，越南政府承诺实施《世界儿童宣言和行动计划》。
为实现1999年12月27日发布的第34/1999/CT-TTg号指令中关于推进实现儿童十年目标、审查1991-2000年国家行动计划和制定2001-2010年国家行动计划的目标，在“社会指标发展”项目框架下，国家统计局（GSO）主持并协调越南保护与关爱儿童委员会（CPCC）开展了评估1991-2000年儿童十年目标（MICS）的调查。MICS覆盖了全国240个乡镇，样本量达7628户，代表全国、城市地区、农村地区以及61个城镇/省份的8个地理区域。数据收集的现场活动持续了两个月，即2000年5月至6月。该调查在EAPRO、UNICEF区域办公室和UNICEF河内统计局的样本和问卷设计、数据输入软件以及分析估计软件等方面得到了技术支持。
调查目标：
儿童十年调查旨在。
· 提供最新且可靠的2000年儿童和妇女状况数据，以分析其情况。
· 提供数据以评估世界儿童峰会目标和越南儿童国家行动计划（1991-2000年）的实施情况。
· 作为2001-2010年国家儿童行动计划制定的基础（包括基线数据和相关信息）。
· 增强在所有层级上监控、管理和评估儿童保护、关爱和教育的所有目标的专业能力。
地理覆盖范围
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2000年越南MICS是一项全国代表性样本调查。
分析单元
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家庭、妇女、儿童。
数据类型
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样本调查数据 [ssd]
抽样程序
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越南多项指标群组调查（MICSII）的样本设计旨在为国家层面、城市和农村地区以及8个地区（红河三角洲、西北、东北、北中部沿海、南中部沿海、中部高原、东南和湄公河三角洲）提供关于儿童和妇女状况的大量指标的可信估计。地区被确定为主要的抽样领域，样本在两个阶段进行选择：
第一阶段，选择240个统计区域。在选定的统计区域内进行家庭清单编制后，从每个统计区域抽取1/3的家庭进行系统抽样。调查在实地工作期间成功访问了所有240个选定的统计区域。样本按地区分层，不具有自加权性。为了报告国家层面的结果，使用样本权重。
抽样偏差
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没有对原始样本设计进行重大偏差。所有样本统计区域都得到了访问并成功访谈，响应率良好。
数据收集方式
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面对面 [f2f]
研究工具
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越南MICS的问卷基于纽约UNICEF模块问卷，并根据越南的实际情况和评估国家行动计划中设定的目标进行了修改和补充。问卷的排列方式旨在防止问卷表格的丢失并便于模块间项目的逻辑控制。问卷包括3个部分。第1部分：向家庭和家庭成员提出的一般性问题。第2部分：针对生育年龄妇女（15-49岁）的问题。第3部分：针对5岁以下的儿童。
第1部分：家庭问卷
A部分：家庭信息面板
B部分：家庭清单表
C部分：教育
D部分：童工
E部分：孕产妇死亡率
F部分：水和卫生
G部分：食盐碘化
第2部分：生育年龄妇女问卷
A部分：儿童死亡率
B部分：破伤风类毒素（TT）
C部分：孕产妇和新生儿健康
D部分：避孕使用
E部分：HIV/AIDS
第3部分：5岁以下儿童问卷
A部分：出生登记和早期学习
B部分：维生素A
C部分：母乳喂养
D部分：疾病护理
E部分：疟疾
F部分：免疫接种
G部分：体格测量
除了收集家庭层面的信息问卷外，还设计了问卷以收集社区层面的信息，以补充一些在家庭层面无法收集的指标。收集到的信息包括当地人口、社会经济和物质条件、教育、健康以及儿童项目/行动计划的发展。
数据清理操作
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为了最大限度地减少数据录入人员所犯的错误，所有记录都由两名不同的成员进行了双重录入。任何在两次录入之间发现的错误都会被重新检查以确定哪一个是错误的。数据清理始于9月初的早期。此过程得到了密切监控，以确保所有收集到的数据的准确性、质量和实用性。
为了最大限度地减少由于受访者错误陈述或访谈员错误登记所导致的错误，使用了一个清理程序来检查问卷项目之间以及问卷之间的一致性和逻辑。清理程序打印出所有错误，然后由合格的官员检查问卷。
响应率
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选择了8356户家庭作为样本。其中所有家庭都被发现是有人居住的，8355户家庭成功接受了访谈，响应率为100%。在这些家庭中，确定了10063名符合条件的15-49岁妇女进行访谈，其中9473人成功接受了访谈（响应率为94.1%），并确定了2707名0-4岁的儿童，其中母亲或照顾者成功接受了2680名儿童的访谈（响应率为99%）。
抽样误差估计
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样本调查的估计受到两种类型误差的影响：1）非抽样误差和2）抽样误差。非抽样误差是数据收集和数据处理实施过程中所犯错误的结果。在MICS-3的实施过程中，付出了众多努力来减少此类错误，然而，非抽样误差是无法避免且难以从统计上进行评估的。
抽样误差可以通过统计方法进行评估。MICS-3的受访者样本只是从同一人口中可能选择的许多样本之一，使用了相同的设计和预期规模。这些样本中的每一个都会产生与实际样本选择的结果有所不同的一些结果。抽样误差是衡量所有可能样本之间调查结果变异性的指标，尽管这种变异性的程度并不完全清楚，但它可以从调查结果中估计出来。抽样误差以特定统计量（均值或百分比）的标准误差来衡量，这是方差的平方根。对于每个统计量，计算置信区间，其中可以假设真实值位于人口中。
如果受访者样本是一个简单随机样本，则可以使用简单的公式来计算抽样误差。然而，MICS-3样本是二阶段分层设计的产物，因此需要使用更复杂的公式。SPSS复杂样本模块已用于计算MICS-3的抽样误差。此模块使用泰勒线性化方法进行方差估计，该方法用于调查估计的均值或比例。此方法在SPSS文件CSDescriptives.pdf中有记录，该文件位于SPSS帮助选项下的算法。
为选定的一组统计量（由于泰勒线性化方法的限制，所有这些都是比例）计算了全国样本、城市和农村地区以及每个五个地区的抽样误差。对于每个统计量，估计值、其标准误差、变异系数（或相对误差——标准误差与估计值的比率）、设计效应以及设计效应的平方根（DEFT——使用给定样本设计计算的标准误差与如果使用简单随机样本将得到的标准误差之间的比率），以及95%置信区间（加减两个标准误差）。
数据评估
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一系列数据质量表格和图表可用于审查数据质量，包括以下内容：
家庭人口年龄分布
符合条件的妇女和接受访谈的妇女的年龄分布
符合条件的儿童和母亲或照顾者接受访谈的儿童的年龄分布
5岁以下儿童按三个月组别的年龄分布
边界上符合条件的年龄和时期比率
选定变量的缺失信息观测值的百分比
家庭中是否存在母亲以及接受5岁以下儿童问卷访谈的人员
按单一年龄的学校出席率
出生时儿童性别比，按受访者年龄分组
按出生时间划分的妇女分布
人口金字塔
每个这些数据质量表格的结果都在最终报告的附录中展示。
在最终报告的表格中呈现缺失数据的一般规则是，如果缺失数据的案例百分比达到1%或更多，则呈现缺失数据列。具有背景特征（例如教育）缺失数据的案例包含在表格中，但缺失数据行被抑制，并在报告底部（而不是在SPSS输出中）注明。