Optimizing Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) production effects of substrate variation on biomass, nutritional quality, hatchability, fecundity, and frass quality

Insects, such as the Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens, BSF), are increasingly recognized for their potential to convert organic waste into high-quality protein and fertilizer inputs, thereby contributing to circular bioeconomy models. However, the type of substrate used significantly affects BSF production performance.