Surface-subsurface flow and soil loss indicator in different RIP patterns and SCTs

Straw mulching is a common and effective method in controlling soil erosion. However, the impacts of rainfall intensity profiles (RIP) on soil erosion and surface-subsurface flow under different straw mulching types remains poorly understood. This study conducted a 5-year continuous observation in the red soil hilly region of southern China, focusing on five cover types: plowing bare (PLB), conventional farming (COF), no-tillage with straw mulching (NTSM), straw burial ditch with straw mulching (SBDM), and tillage with straw mulching (TSM). Key parameters monitored included RIP, surface runoff rate (SFR), subsurface flow rate (SSFR), sediment concentration (SC), and soil loss rate (SLR).