TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK (TIA): COMPREHENSIVE MANAGEMENT AND EVIDENCE-BASED APPROACH

Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA) is a neurological emergency characterized by transient focal cerebral, spinal, or retinal ischemia without evidence of acute infarction. Although symptoms resolve completely, TIA carries a high early risk of subsequent ischemic stroke, particularly within the first 48 hours. Rapid evaluation, risk stratification, urgent neuroimaging, and immediate initiation of secondary prevention strategies significantly reduce stroke recurrence. This paper reviews current evidence-based management of TIA, including diagnostic evaluation, antithrombotic therapy, vascular interventions, cardioembolic management, risk factor modification, and lifestyle interventions based on contemporary AHA/ASA and ESO guidelines.