Social environment and the evolution of delayed reproduction in birds

One puzzling feature of avian life histories is that individuals in many
different lineages delay reproduction for several years after they finish
growing. Intraspecific field studies suggest that various complex social
environments—such as cooperative breeding groups, nesting colonies, and
display leks—result in delayed reproduction because they require forms of
sociosexual development that extend beyond physical maturation. Here, we
formally propose this hypothesis and use a full suite of phylogenetic
comparative methods to test it, analyzing the evolution of age at first
reproduction (AFR) in females and males across 963 species of birds.
Phylogenetic regressions support increased AFR in colonial females and
males, cooperatively breeding males, and lekking males. Continuous
Ornstein-Uhlenbeck models support distinct evolutionary regimes with
increased AFR for all of the cooperative, colonial, and lekking lineages.
Discrete hidden state Markov models suggest a net increase in delayed
reproduction for social lineages, even when accounting for hidden state
heterogeneity and the potential reverse influence of AFR on sociality. Our
results support the hypothesis that the evolution of social environments
reshapes the dynamics of life history evolution in birds. Comparative
analyses of even the most broadly generalizable characters, such as AFR,
must reckon with unique, heterogeneous, historical events in the evolution
of individual lineages.