Parasitic infections are a global occurrence and impact the health of many species. Co-infections, where two or more species of parasite are present in a host, are a common phenomenon across species.
Eugregarines cause non-pathogenic persistent infections in the gut of flour beetlespecies. Despite being relatively benign, these infections might elicit an immuneresponse from the beetle and alter th
Immunity changes through ontogeny and can mediate facilitative and inhibitory interactions among co-infecting parasite species. In amphibians, most immune memory is not carried through metamorphosis,
Experimental work increasingly suggests that non-random pathogen associations can affect the spread or severity of disease. Yet due to difficulties distinguishing and interpreting co-infections, evide
1)Co-infections may modify parasite transmission opportunities directly as a consequence of interactions in the within host environment, but also indirectly through changes in host life-history. Furth