Gut microbiome affects the response to anti-PD-1 immunotherapy in Non-small cell lung cancer

We prospectively collected stool samples from 41 patients with advanced Non-small cell Lung cancer (NSCLC) who were undergoing immunotherapy at different time points (baseline and stool samples at clinical evaluation). To assess the diversity and composition of the commensal microbiota and its relationship with the response to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), we performed 16S ribosomal RNA (16S rRNA) sequencing on 71 stool samples. Additionally, we quantitatively measured the levels of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Furthermore, we transplanted fecal material from different patients into mice and established a subcutaneous tumor model using the Lewis lung cancer cell line to evaluate the therapeutic effect of PD-1 on mice with varying gut microbiota.