The inactivation of tolC sensitizes Escherichia coli to perturbations in lipopolysaccharide transport

The Escherichia coli outer membrane channel TolC complexes with several inner membrane efflux pumps to export compounds across the cell envelope. All components of these complexes are essential for robust efflux activity, yet E. coli is more sensitive to antimicrobial compounds when tolC is inactivated compared to the inactivation of genes encoding the inner membrane drug efflux pumps. While investigating these susceptibility differences, we identified a distinct class of inhibitors targeting the core-lipopolysaccharide translocase, MsbA. We show that tolC null mutants are sensitized to structurally unrelated MsbA inhibitors and msbA knockdown, highlighting a synthetic-sick interaction. Phenotypic profiling revealed that tolC inactivation induced cell envelope softening and increased outer membrane permeability. Overall, this work identified a chemical probe of MsbA, revealed that tolC is associated with cell envelope mechanics and integrity, and highlighted that these findings should be considered when using tolC null mutants to study efflux deficiency.