Dataset. Cropping history, agronomic rules, and commodity prices 2 shape crop rotations across Central Europe

This dataset combines detailed field-level crop records from Germany, Austria, and the Czech Republic to analyze crop rotations between 2005 and 2023. It covers more than 16 million field-year combinations and integrates biophysical, agronomic, economic, and policy dimensions. The core of the dataset is the annual crop type (CType) for each field, harmonized into 17 main crop categories (e.g., wheat, maize, legumes, sugar beet, oilseed rape). Each field also includes cropping history variables (previous crops up to four years back, plus dominant crops in a 5 km neighborhood), enabling analysis of rotation sequences. Environmental conditions were extracted from high-resolution terrain, soil, and weather data. Variables include elevation, slope, soil texture (sand, silt, clay), soil organic carbon, and five-year climate averages for temperature and precipitation across main growth phases. To reduce complexity, environmental characteristics were clustered using PCA and K-means.