Supplementary Materials for "Effects of Polyphenol Supplementation Combined with Exercise Training Beyond Exercise Alone on Body Composition, Physical Performance, and Inflammatory Biomarkers in Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"

This record contains the supplementary materials supporting the manuscript entitled “Effects of Polyphenol Supplementation Combined with Exercise Training Beyond Exercise Alone on Body Composition, Physical Performance, and Inflammatory Biomarkers in Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis”. The supplementary materials include complete database search strategies, subgroup analyses, methodological quality assessment using the Physiotherapy Evidence Database scale, influence diagnostics for the three-level meta-analytic models, funnel plots, sensitivity analyses under alternative within-study correlation assumptions, and leave-one-parent-trial-out sensitivity analyses. Specifically, the record contains: Table S1: Complete search strategies for all databases; Table S2: Subgroup analyses of the effects of polyphenol supplementation combined with exercise versus exercise alone on lean mass in older adults; Table S3: Methodological quality assessment of included studies using the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale; Table S4: Influence diagnostics for the three-level meta-analytic models; Figure S1: Funnel plots for assessment of publication bias; Figure S2: Sensitivity analyses under alternative within-study correlation assumptions (ρ = 0.30, 0.50, and 0.70); Figure S3: Leave-one-parent-trial-out sensitivity analyses for primary outcomes. The review evaluates whether polyphenol supplementation provides additional benefits beyond exercise training for body composition, physical performance, and inflammatory biomarkers in adults aged 60 years or older. The review was prospectively registered in PROSPERO (CRD420261434306). These materials are provided to enhance transparency, reproducibility, and interpretation of the study findings.