Reliance on Science

This dataset contains patent-to-paper citations through 2023 as well as patent-paper pairs.

 If you use the citations data, please cite these two articles:

1. M. Marx & A. Fuegi, "Reliance on Science by Inventors: Hybrid Extraction of In-text Patent-to-Article Citations."  forthcoming in Journal of Economics and Management Strategy. (http://doi.org/10.1111/jems.12455)

2. M. Marx, & A. Fuegi, "Reliance on Science: Worldwide Front-Page Patent Citations to Scientific Articles" (2020), Strategic Management Journal 41(9):1572-1594. (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/smj.3145) 

 If you use the patent-paper-pairs data, please cite this article:

1. M. Marx & E. Scharfmann, "Does Patenting Promote the Progress of Science? Evidence from Patent-Paper Pairs."  

The datafile containing the citations is _pcs_oa.csv.  Each citation has the applicant/examiner flag, confidence score (1-10), whether the reference was a) only on the front page, b) only in the body text, or c) in both.

The datafile containing the patent-paper pairs (PPPs) is _patent_paper_pairs.csv. These are USPTO only, through 2022. Each PPP has a confidence score and the count of days between the publication of the paper and the filing of the patent. (If the patent is a continuation of another patent, the filing date of the original patent is used.) Also, when a paper is paired with multiple patents, an indicator variable reports whether those patents are continuations or otherwise identical. 

The above is documented in greater detail in __relianceonscience2024.pdf.

These data are provided under a Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial license. Please contact us regarding commercial use.  Questions & feedback to [e-mail].

This work is sponsored by the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation grant #G-2021-16822.