The terms 'left' and 'right' are widely used to organize party competition and to shape connections between citizens and political parties. Recent and dramatic changes in the world, however, raise imp
Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) is a new approach to conceptualizing and measuring democracy. We provide a multidimensional and disaggregated dataset that reflects the complexity...
This analysis is aimed at improving the study of the cartel party theory by focusing on the transformations of three social democratic parties in Europe: the Parti Socialiste (PS) in France, the Parti
The Council of the European Union is considered to be ‘a consensus machine’. Yet, disagreements still happen at the voting stage, with abstentions, oppositions, and statements defining the positions o
