Cambodia Socio-Economic Survey 2012 - Cambodia

Abstract
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The Cambodia Socio-Economic Survey (CSES) asks questions to a country wide sample of households and household members about housing conditions, education, economic activities, household production and income, household level and structure of consumption, health, victimization, etc. There are also questions related to people in the labour force, e.g. labour force participation.

Poverty reduction is a major commitment by the Royal Government of Cambodia. Accurate statistical information about the living standards of the population and the extent of poverty is an essential instrument to assist the Government in diagnosing the problems, in designing effective policies for reducing poverty and in monitoring and evaluating the progress of poverty reduction. The Millennium Development Goals (MDG) has been adopted by the Royal Government of Cambodia and a National Strategic Development Plan (NSDP) has been developed. The MDGs are also incorporated into the “Rectangular Strategy of Cambodia”.

Cambodia is still a predominantly rural and agricultural society. The vast majority of the population get their subsistence in households as self-employed in agriculture. The level of living is determined by the household's command over labour and resources for own-production in terms of land and livestock for agricultural activities, equipments and tools for fishing, forestry and construction activities and income-earning activities in the informal and formal sector. The CSES aims to estimate household income and consumption/expenditure as well as a number of other household and individual characteristics.

The main objective of the survey is to collect statistical information about living conditions of the Cambodian population and the extent of poverty. The survey can be used for identifying problems and making decisions based on statistical data.

The main user is the Royal Government of Cambodia (RGC) as the survey supports monitoring the National Strategic Development Plan (NSDP) by different socio-economic indicators. Other users are university researchers, analysts, international organizations e.g. the World Bank and NGO’s. The World Bank has published a report on poverty profile and social indicators using CSES 2007 data . In this regard, the CSES continues to serve all stakeholders involved as essential instruments in order to assist in diagnosing the problems and designing their most effective policies. The CSES micro data at NIS is available for research and analysis by external researchers after approval by Senior Minister of Planning. The interesting research questions that could be put to the data are many; NIS welcomes new research based on CSES data.

General Objectives:

CSES 2012 will continue the work started through CSES 2004 and the annual CSES 2007 and 2008 and would primarily aim at producing information needed for planning and policy making for reduction of poverty in Cambodia. Reduction of poverty has been given high priority in Cambodia's National Strategic Development Plan (NSDP 2009-2013). In addition to this, the survey data help in various other ways in developmental planning and policy making in the country. They would also prove useful for the production of National Accounts in Cambodia.

A long-term objective of the entire project is to build national capability in NIS for conducting socio-economic surveys and for utilizing survey data for planning for national development and social welfare.

Specific Objectives:

Among specific objectives, the following deserve special mention:
1) Obtain data on infrastructural facilities in villages, especially facilities for schooling and health care and associated problems.
2) Obtain data on retail prices of selected food, non-food and medicine items prevailing in the villages.
3) Collect data on utilization of education, housing and land ownership
4) Collect data on household assets and outstanding loans.
5) Collect data on household's construction activities.
6) Collect information on maternal health, child health/care.
7) Collect information on health care seeking and expenditure of the household members related to illness, injury and disability.
8) Collect information on economic activities including the economic activities for children aged between 5 and 17 years.
9) Collect information on victimization by the household
10) Collect information on the presence of the household members.

Geographic coverage
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National Phnom Penh / Other Urban / Other Rural

Analysis unit
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Households
Individuals

Universe
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All resident households in Cambodia

Kind of data
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Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure
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The sampling design in the CSES 2012 survey is a three-stage design. In stage one a sample of villages is selected, in stage two an Enumeration Area (EA) is selected from each village selected in stage one, and in stage three a sample of households is selected from each EA selected in stage two.

Stage 1: A random sample of PSUs was selected from each stratum. The sampling method was systematic PPS (PPS=sampling with probability proportional to size). The size measure used was the number of households in the PSU according to the sampling frame.

Stage 2. One EA was selected by Simple Random Sampling (SRS), in each village selected in stage 1.

Stage 3. In each selected EA a sample of 10 households was selected. The selection of households was done in the field by the supervisors/interviewers. All households in selected EAs were listed by the enumerator. The sample of households was then selected from the list by systematic sampling with a random start (the start value controlled by NIS).

For the details of sample selection please refer to the document "Process Description: Design and Select the Sample for CSES 2012"

Mode of data collection
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Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument
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Three different questionnaires or forms were used in the survey:

Form 1: Household listing sheets to be used in the sampling procedure in the enumeration areas.

Form 2: Village questionnaire answered by the village leader about economy and infrastructure, crop production, health, education, retail prices and sales prices of agriculture, employment and wages, and recruitment of children for work outside the village.

Form 3: Household questionnaire with questions for each household member, including modules on migration, education and literacy, housing conditions, crop production, household liabilities, durable goods, construction activities, nutrition, fertility and child care, child feeding and vaccination, health of children, mortality, current economic activity, health and illness, smoking, HIV/AIDS awareness, and victimization.

The interviewer is responsible for filling up Form 1 and Form 3 to respondents. . For Form 2, the supervisors will be asked to canvass this form. In case that the supervisors are absent for any reason, the interviewers may be also asked to help fill up this form (Form 2).

Cleaning operations
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The NIS team commenced their work of checking and coding and coding in begining of February after the first month of fieldwork was completed. Supervisors from the field delivered questionaires to NIS. Sida project expert and NIS Survey Manager helped in solving relevant matters that become apparent when reviewing questionires on delivery.

Response rate
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The CSES 2012 enjoyed almost a 100 percent response rate. The high response rate together with close and systematic fieldwork supervision by the core group members were a major contribution for achieving high quality survey results.

Sampling error estimates
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In order to provide a basis for assessing the reliability or precision of CSES estimates, the estimation of the magnitude of sampling error in the survey data were computed. Since most of the estimates from the survey are in the form of weighted ratios, thus variances for ratio estimates are computed.

The Coefficients of Variation (CV) on national level estimates are generally below 4 percent. The exception is the CV for total value of assets where there are rather high CVs especially in the urban areas, which should be expected.

The CVs are somewhat higher in the urban and rural domains but still generally below 7 percent. For the five zones, the average CVs are in the range 5 to 13 percent with a few exceptions where the CVs are above 20 percent. For provinces the CVs for food consumption are 9 percent on average.

The sample take within Primary Sampling Units (PSU) was set to 10 households per PSU in the CSES 1999. When data on variances became available, it was possible to make crude calculations of the optimal sample take within PSU. Calculations on some of the central estimates in the CSES 1999 show that the design effects in most cases are in the range 1 to 5.

Intra-cluster correlation coefficients have been calculated based on the design effects. These correlation coefficients are somewhat high. The reason is that the characteristics that are measured tend to be concentrated (clustered) within the PSUs. The optimal sample size within PSUs under different assumptions on cost ratios and intra-cluster correlation coefficients was then calculated. The cost ratio is the average cost for adding a village to the sample divided by the average cost of including an extra household in the sample. In the CSES, it was chosen to adopt a fairly low cost ratio due to the fact that the interview time per household is long. Under this assumption the optimal sample size is probably around 10 households per village for many of the CSES indicators.

摘要
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柬埔寨社会经济调查（CSES）通过对全国范围内的家庭及其成员进行问卷调查，收集了关于住房条件、教育、经济活动、家庭生产和收入、家庭消费水平和结构、健康、受侵害情况等方面的信息。此外，调查还涵盖了劳动力市场相关的问题，例如劳动力参与率。

减贫是柬埔寨王国政府的一项重要承诺。关于人口生活水平以及贫困程度的准确统计信息是政府诊断问题、设计有效的减贫政策、监测和评估减贫进展的必要工具。柬埔寨王国政府已采纳了千年发展目标（MDG），并制定了国家战略发展计划（NSDP）。千年发展目标也被纳入了柬埔寨的“矩形战略”中。

柬埔寨仍是一个以农村和农业为主的社会。绝大多数人口通过在家庭中自雇于农业来维持生计。生活水平取决于家庭对劳动力及生产资源的掌控程度，这些资源包括用于农业活动的土地和牲畜、用于渔业、林业和建筑活动的设备和工具，以及非正式和正式部门的收入赚取活动。CSES旨在估计家庭收入和消费/支出，以及一系列其他家庭和个人特征。

调查的主要目标是收集关于柬埔寨人口生活水平及贫困程度的统计信息，以便识别问题和基于统计数据做出决策。

主要使用者是柬埔寨王国政府（RGC），该调查通过不同的社会经济指标支持监测国家战略发展计划（NSDP）。其他使用者包括大学研究人员、分析师、国际组织，例如世界银行和非政府组织。世界银行已利用CSES 2007年的数据发布了一份关于贫困状况和社会指标的报告。在这方面，CSES继续为所有相关利益相关者提供作为诊断问题和设计最有效政策的必要工具。在规划部长批准后，CSES微观数据可供外部研究人员进行研究和分析。针对这些数据可以提出许多有趣的研究问题；国家统计局欢迎基于CSES数据的新的研究。

总体目标：
CSES 2012将继续通过CSES 2004和年度CSES 2007及2008所开展的工作，并主要旨在产生用于柬埔寨减贫规划和政策制定所需的信息。减贫在柬埔寨国家战略发展计划（NSDP 2009-2013）中被赋予高度重视。此外，调查数据还有助于国家其他方面的规划和政策制定。它们对于柬埔寨国家账户的生产也将非常有用。

整个项目的长期目标是，在国家统计局（NIS）建立开展社会经济调查的能力，以及利用调查数据为国家发展和社会福利规划的能力。

具体目标：
在具体目标中，以下目标值得特别关注：
1) 收集关于村庄基础设施的数据，特别是教育和医疗设施以及相关问题。
2) 收集关于村庄中选定食品、非食品和药品的零售价格。
3) 收集关于教育、住房和土地所有权的使用情况。
4) 收集关于家庭资产和未偿还贷款的数据。
5) 收集关于家庭建设活动的数据。
6) 收集关于孕产妇健康、儿童健康/护理的信息。
7) 收集关于家庭成员因疾病、伤害和残疾寻求医疗保健和支出的信息。
8) 收集关于包括5至17岁儿童的经济活动信息。
9) 收集关于家庭遭受侵害的信息。
10) 收集关于家庭成员的存在信息。

地理覆盖范围
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全国、金边/其他城市/其他农村

分析单位
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家庭
个体

总体
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柬埔寨所有居民家庭

数据类型
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样本调查数据 [ssd]

抽样程序
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CSES 2012调查的抽样设计为三阶段设计。第一阶段从每个层级中选择样本村庄，第二阶段从第一阶段选中的每个村庄中选择一个户籍区（EA），第三阶段从第二阶段选中的每个EA中选择家庭样本。

第一阶段：从每个层级中随机选择一个抽样单位（PSU）。抽样方法是按规模成比例的简单随机抽样（PPS=按规模成比例的抽样）。使用的规模衡量标准是根据抽样框架中PSU的家庭数量。

第二阶段：在第一阶段选中的每个村庄中，通过简单随机抽样（SRS）选择一个EA。

第三阶段：在每个选定的EA中，选择10个家庭样本。家庭的选择由现场的主管/调查员进行。户籍员列出选定EA中的所有家庭。然后，通过系统抽样和随机起始点（起始值由国家统计局控制）从名单中选择家庭样本。

有关样本选择的具体细节，请参阅文档“过程描述：设计和选择CSES 2012样本”。

数据收集方式
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面对面 [f2f]

研究工具
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调查中使用了三种不同的问卷或表格：
表格1：户籍清单，用于在户籍区进行抽样程序。
表格2：村庄问卷，由村庄领导人回答，涉及经济和基础设施、农作物生产、健康、教育、农业的零售和销售价格、就业和工资，以及招募儿童到村庄外工作。
表格3：家庭问卷，包含针对每个家庭成员的问题，包括关于移民、教育和识字、住房条件、农作物生产、家庭负债、耐用消费品、建设活动、营养、生育和儿童护理、儿童喂养和疫苗接种、儿童健康、死亡率、当前经济活动、健康和疾病、吸烟、HIV/AIDS意识以及受侵害情况等模块。
调查员负责填写表格1和表格3，并提交给受访者。对于表格2，将要求主管填写此表格。如果主管因任何原因缺席，调查员也可能被要求帮助填写此表格（表格2）。

数据清理操作
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国家统计局团队在完成第一个月实地调查工作后，于二月初开始了检查和编码工作。来自实地的主管将问卷提交给国家统计局。Sida项目专家和国家统计局调查经理帮助解决在审查问卷时出现的相关问题。

响应率
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CSES 2012的响应率接近100％。高响应率以及核心小组成员对实地工作的密切和系统监督是实现高质量调查结果的主要贡献。

抽样误差估计
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为了提供评估CSES估计可靠性和精度的依据，计算了调查数据中抽样误差的大小。由于大多数调查估计都是加权比率的格式，因此计算了比率估计的方差。

全国水平估计的变异系数（CV）通常低于4％。例外的是总资产价值的CV，特别是在城市地区，这应该是预期的。

城市和农村领域的CV略高，但通常仍低于7％。对于五个区域，平均CV在5到13％之间，有些例外，CV高于20％。

对于省份，食品消费的CV平均为9％。

在一级抽样单位（PSU）内的样本量在CSES 1999中被设定为每个PSU 10个家庭。当方差数据可用时，可以做出关于PSU内最优样本量的粗略计算。对CSES 1999中某些中心估计的计算表明，大多数情况下设计效应在1到5之间。

基于设计效应计算了集群内相关系数。这些相关系数相对较高。原因是所测量的特征往往集中在PSU内。然后根据不同的成本比率和集群内相关系数的假设，计算了PSU内最优样本量。成本比率是增加一个村庄到样本的平均成本除以包括额外家庭在内的平均成本。在CSES中，由于每个家庭的面谈时间较长，因此选择了相对较低的成本比率。根据这个假设，许多CSES指标的最优样本量可能是每个村庄大约10个家庭。]