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RAB GEFs exchange GTP for GDP on RABs

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reactome.org2025-03-23 收录
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Human cells have more than 60 RAB proteins that are key regulators of intracellular membrane trafficking. These small GTPases contribute to trafficking specificity by localizing to the membranes of different organelles and interacting with effectors such as sorting adaptors, tethering factors, kinases, phosphatases and tubular-vesicular cargo (reviewed in Stenmark et al, 2009; Wandinger-Ness and Zerial, 2014; Zhen and Stenmark, 2015). <br><br>RAB localization depends on a number of factors including C-terminal prenylation, the sequence of upstream hypervariable regions and what nucleotide is bound, as well as interaction with RAB-interacting proteins (Chavrier et al, 1991; Ullrich et al, 1993; Soldati et al, 1994; Farnsworth et al, 1994; Seabra, 1996; Wu et al, 2010; reviewed in Stenmark, 2009; Wandinger-Ness and Zerial, 2014). More recently, the activity of RAB GEFs has also been implicated in regulating the localization of RAB proteins (Blumer et al, 2103; Schoebel et al, 2009; Cabrera and Ungermann, 2013; reviewed in Barr, 2013; Zhen and Stenmark, 2015)<br><br>In the active, GTP-bound form, RAB proteins are membrane-associated, while in the inactive GDP-bound form, RABs are extracted from the target membrane and exist in a soluble form in complex with GDP dissociation inhibitors (GDIs) (Ullrich et al, 1993; Soldati et al, 1994; Gavriljuk et al, 2013). Conversion between the inactive and active form relies on the activities of RAB guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) and GTPase activating proteins (GAPs) (Yoshimura et al, 2010; Wu et al, 2011; Pan et al, 2006; Frasa et al, 2012; reviewed in Stenmark, 2009; Wandinger-Ness and Zerial, 2014; Ishida et al, 2016).<br><br>Newly synthesized RABs are bound to a RAB escort protein, CHM (also known as REP1) or CHML (REP2) (Alexandrov et al, 1994; Shen and Seabra, 1996). CHM/REP proteins are the substrate-binding component of the trimeric RAB geranylgeranyltransferase enzyme (GGTaseII) along with the two catalytic subunits RABGGTA and RABGGTB (reviewed in Gutkowska and Swiezewska, 2012; Palsuledesai and Distefano, 2015). REP proteins recruit the unmodified RAB in its GDP-bound state to the GGTase for sequential geranylgeranylation at one or two C-terminal cysteine residues (Alexandrov et al, 1994; Seabra et al 1996; Shen and Seabra, 1996; Baron and Seabra, 2008). After geranylation, CHM/REP proteins remain in complex with the geranylated RAB and escort it to its target membrane, where RAB activity is regulated by GAPs, GEFs, GDIs and membrane-bound GDI displacement factors (GDFs) (Sivars et al, 2003; reviewed in Stenmark, 2009; Wandinger-Ness and Zerial, 2014).<br><br>Unlike the RAB GAPS, which (to date) all contain a shared TBC domain, RAB GEFs are structurally diverse and range from monomeric to multisubunit complexes (reviewed in Fukuda et al, 2011; Frasa et al, 2012; Cherfils and Zeghouf, 2013; Ishida et al, 2016). While many GEFs contain one of three conserved GEF domains identified to date - the DENN (differentially expressed in normal and neoplastic cell) domain, the VPS9 domain and the SEC2 domain- other GEFs lack a conserved domain (reviewed in Ishida et al, 2016). Based on sequence conservation and subunit organization, GEFs can be grouped into 6 general classes: the DENND-containing GEFs, the VPS9-containing GEFs (both monomeric), the SEC2-containing GEFs (homodimeric), heterodimeric GEF complexes such as RIC1:RGP1, the multisubunit TRAPPC GEF, and others (reviewed in Barr and Lambright, 2010; Marat et al, 2011; Ishida et al, 2016). GEFs for many RABs have still not been identified, however.

人类细胞中存在超过60种RAB蛋白,这些蛋白作为细胞内膜运输的关键调控因子。此类小GTP酶通过定位至不同细胞器的膜上并与效应因子如分类适配器、连接因子、激酶、磷酸酶以及管状-囊泡货物(如Stenmark等,2009年;Wandinger-Ness和Zerial,2014年;Zhen和Stenmark,2015年所述)相互作用,从而参与运输的特异性。 RAB蛋白的定位取决于多种因素,包括C端的前体化、上游高度可变区域的序列以及所结合的核苷酸,以及与RAB相互作用蛋白的相互作用(Chavrier等,1991年;Ullrich等,1993年;Soldati等,1994年;Farnsworth等,1994年;Seabra,1996年;Wu等,2010年;如Stenmark,2009年;Wandinger-Ness和Zerial,2014年所述)。近期研究还指出,RAB GEFs的活性在调节RAB蛋白的定位中也起着至关重要的作用(Blumer等,2013年;Schoebel等,2009年;Cabrera和Ungermann,2013年;如Barr,2013年;Zhen和Stenmark,2015年所述)。 在活性、GTP结合形式中,RAB蛋白与膜相关联,而在非活性、GDP结合形式中,RAB蛋白从目标膜中释放出来,以与GDP解离抑制剂(GDIs)形成复合物的可溶性形式存在(Ullrich等,1993年;Soldati等,1994年;Gavriljuk等,2013年)。非活性与活性形式之间的转换依赖于RAB鸟苷酸交换因子(GEFs)和GTP酶激活蛋白(GAPs)的活性(Yoshimura等,2010年;Wu等,2011年;Pan等,2006年;Frasa等,2012年;如Stenmark,2009年;Wandinger-Ness和Zerial,2014年;Ishida等,2016年所述)。 新合成的RAB蛋白与RAB escort蛋白CHM(也称为REP1)或CHML(REP2)结合(Alexandrov等,1994年;Shen和Seabra,1996年)。CHM/REP蛋白是三聚体RAB香叶基香叶基转移酶酶(GGTaseII)的底物结合组分,与两个催化亚基RABGGTA和RABGGTB共同作用(如Gutkowska和Swiezewska,2012年;Palsuledesai和Distefano,2015年所述)。REP蛋白将未修饰的、GDP结合状态的RAB招募至GGTase,在C端的单个或两个半胱氨酸残基上依次进行香叶基香叶基化(Alexandrov等,1994年;Seabra等,1996年;Shen和Seabra,1996年;Baron和Seabra,2008年)。香叶基化后,CHM/REP蛋白与香叶基化的RAB保持复合状态,并将其护送到目标膜,在那里RAB的活性受到GAPs、GEFs、GDIs和膜结合的GDI移位因子(GDFs)的调控(Sivars等,2003年;如Stenmark,2009年;Wandinger-Ness和Zerial,2014年所述)。 与RAB GAPS不同,迄今为止,所有RAB GAPS都含有共同的TBC结构域,而RAB GEFs在结构上则表现出多样性,从单聚体到多聚体复合物不等(如Fukuda等,2011年;Frasa等,2012年;Cherfils和Zeghouf,2013年;Ishida等,2016年所述)。虽然许多GEFs含有至今已识别的三种保守的GEF结构域之一——DENN(在正常和肿瘤细胞中差异表达的)结构域、VPS9结构域和SEC2结构域——但其他GEFs则缺乏保守结构域(如Ishida等,2016年所述)。根据序列保守性和亚基组织,GEFs可分为六大类:含DENND的GEFs、含VPS9的GEFs(均为单聚体)、含SEC2的GEFs(同源二聚体)、异源二聚体GEF复合物如RIC1:RGP1、多聚体TRAPPC GEF以及其他(如Barr和Lambright,2010年;Marat等,2011年;Ishida等,2016年所述)。然而,许多RAB的GEFs尚未被发现。
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