Estimated coefficients and 95% confidence interval for the association between covariates and size and velocity parameters by cohort.

aEstimates derived from model adjusted for gender and gestational age fitted on the sample of data with no missing values for the following maternal variables: height, age, parity, educational level, pre-pregnancy BMI and smoking during pregnancy bBackground variables are mutually adjusted and further adjusted for gender and gestational age; intermediate variables are mutually adjusted and further adjusted for background variables, gender and gestational age cIn GOCS child order was used as a proxy for parity dGXXI: Low = ≤9 years, Medium = ≤12 years, High = Degree or higher; NINFEA: Low = ≤Secondary school, Medium = High school, High = Degree or higher; GOCS: Low = None/Primary/Secondary school, Medium = High school, High = High School + technical education or higher eIn GOCS smoking during pregnancy was categorized as No/Rarely vs Frequently