Supplementary Material for: Augmented vision for dental students’ education in detecting proximal carious lesions on bitewing radiographs: A randomized controlled trial

This two-arm, parallel, randomized controlled trial aimed to assess the effect of augmented vision (AV, using interactive color-overlays) on the education of dental students in detecting proximal carious lesions on bitewing radiographs compared to black-and-white textbook-like illustrations. Forty-eight preclinical third-year dental students were randomized using a random number generator into two learning groups: test (AV, allowing interaction with color-highlighted carious lesions, n=24) and control (showing the native radiograph and a black-and-white illustration displaying the carious lesion, n=24). Firstly, students had 2 weeks to assess 50 bitewings (lesion prevalence on tooth level: 54.5%) in test or control. Due to the nature of the intervention participants could not be blinded towards the intervention. After that, they were asked to detect lesions on 10 independent bitewings and to assess lesion extent (outer/inner enamel; outer/middle/inner dentin). The reference test was constituted by two experienced dentists. No significant differences in accuracy (test 0.84 [95% CI 0.79, 0.88]; control 0.83 [0.78,0.87]), AUC (test 0.82 [0.81, 0.84]; control 0.81 [0.80,0.83]) and F1-score (test 0.79 [0.75, 0.82]; control 0.77 [0.72,0.81]) were observed between groups. Students of both groups showed difficulties in differentiating enamel from dentin carious lesions. While AV was reported to be motivating by students, it did not increase their accuracy.