Vermicompost derived from mushroom residues improve soil C / P cycling, bacterial community and fungal abundance (soil properties / soil enzyme activities)

Soil pH was determined in a 1: 2.5 soil/water suspension by a digital pH meter (pH 700 Bench Meter, Eutech Instruments). Soil organic C (SOC) was determined by chemical oxidation using a K2Cr2O7 solution. Soil total C (TC) and total N (TN) were determined via combustion of ground subsamples (passed through a 0.16 mm mesh) using an automatic elemental analyzer (Analyzer vario MICRO cube, Elementar, German). Soil total P (TP) was determined by digestion with perchloric acid (HClO4). Available P (AP) was extracted with 0.5 M NaHCO3. The available potassium (AK) was determined by flame photometer using method described. We selected several representative soil enzymes involved in C、N and P cycling process, respectively. Potential activities of these soil enzymes are often related to biogeochemical transformation process in soilare often related to microbial metabolic rate and biogeochemical process in soil, so they are often used as indicators for soil microbial nutrient status. Soil C-cycling enzymes included α-D-glucosidase (AG, EC 3.2.1.20) and β-D-glucosidase (BG, E.C.3.2.1.21), N-cycling enzyme was β-N-acetylglucosaminidase (NAGase, EC 3.2.1.30 ). P-cycling enzyme included acid phosphomonoesterase (AcP, EC 3.1.3.2) and alkaline phosphomonoesterase (AIP, EC 3.1.3.1). We also selected dehydrogenase (DHA, intracellular enzyme, EC 1.1.1 ) to represent soil microbial activity. The activity of soil DHA was determined by colorimetric method (485 nm) after cultural process at 37 ℃ for 24h using 2, 3, 5-chlorinated triphenyltetrazolated chloride (TTC) as substrate. The activities of soil AcP and AIP were determined as described by. In brief, soil AcP and AIP were assayed with a modified universalSoil pH was determined in a 1: 2.5 soil/water suspension by a digital pH meter (pH 700 Bench Meter, Eutech Instruments). Soil organic C (SOC) was determined by chemical oxidation using a K2Cr2O7 solution. Soil total C (TC) and total N (TN) were determined via combustion of ground subsamples (passed through a 0.16 mm mesh) using an automatic elemental analyzer (Analyzer vario MICRO cube, Elementar, German). Soil total P (TP) was determined by digestion with perchloric acid (HClO4). Available P (AP) was extracted with 0.5 M NaHCO3. The available potassium (AK) was determined by flame photometer using method described. We selected several representative soil enzymes involved in C、N and P cycling process, respectively. Potential activities of these soil enzymes are often related to biogeochemical transformation process in soil are often related to microbial metabolic rate and biogeochemical process in soil, so they are often used as indicators for soil microbial nutrient status. Soil C-cycling enzymes included α-D-glucosidase and β-D-glucosidase, N-cycling enzyme was β-N-acetylglucosaminidase. P-cycling enzyme included acid phosphomonoesterase and alkaline phosphomonoesterase. We also selected dehydrogenase to represent soil microbial activity. The activity of soil DHA was determined by colorimetric method (485 nm) after cultural process at 37 ℃ for 24h using 2, 3, 5-chlorinated triphenyltetrazolated chloride (TTC) as substrate. The activities of soil AcP and AIP were determined as described by. In brief, soil AcP and AIP were assayed with a modified universal buffer of pH 11.0 and 6.5, respectively, using p-nitrophenyl phosphate as the substrate. The activities of soil AG and BG were measured using flu- orogenic substrates, which including: (i) AG assayed with 4-methylumbelliferyl-α-D-glucopyranoside; (ii)BG assayed with 4- methylumbelliferyl-β-D-glucopyranoside. buffer of pH 11.0 and 6.5, respectively, using p-nitrophenyl phosphate as the substrate. The activities of soil AG and BG were measured using flu- orogenic substrates, which including: (i) AG assayed with 4-methylumbelliferyl-α-D-glucopyranoside; (ii)BG assayed with 4- methylumbelliferyl-β-D-glucopyranoside.