Community-Based Conditional Cash Transfer Program Impact Evaluation 2009-2012, Baseline, Midline, and Endline surveys - Tanzania

Abstract
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The overall objective of the pilot is to test how a conditional cash transfer (CCT) program could be implemented through a social fund using a community-driven development (CDD) approach, and to learn about what systems may need to be in place to achieve positive results for highly vulnerable populations. This project represents both the first time that a social fund agency was used to implement a CCT program in Africa, and the first time that a CCT program was delivered using a CDD approach. Specific objectives of this pilot project included (a) to develop operational modalities for the community-driven delivery of a CCT program through a social fund operation; and (b) to test the effectiveness of the community-based CCT model and ensure that lessons from the pilot inform government policy on support for vulnerable families.

Geographic coverage
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Three districts: Bagamoyo, Chamwino, and Kibaha

Analysis unit
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- Individuals
- Households
- Communities

Universe
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The poorest and most vulnerable households in the three selected study districts of Tanzania (Bagamoyo, Chamwino, and Kibaha), as identified by elected Community Management Committees in each village.

Kind of data
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Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure
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At the household level, eligibility criteria for beneficiary households were based on household characteristics of the very poor that were defined by communities themselves through focus group discussions. The criteria were that the households be: (a) very poor, (b) not receiving similar benefits in kind or cash from another program, and (c) home to an elderly person (60+) or an orphan or vulnerable child (OVC). "Very poor" was defined by stakeholders as a household meeting at least three of the following characteristics: (1) lack of a basic dwelling or shamba; (2) difficulty having two meals per day; (3) no adult member has worked in the last month; (4) children with clothes/shoes in poor condition; (5) family does not own livestock; and (6) family does not own land.

The study was conducted in three districts - Bagamoyo (70 km from Dar es Salaam), Chamwino (500 km from Dar), and Kibaha (35 km from Dar). The baseline survey covered 80 villages (40 treatment and 40 control). All 80 villages within the three districts had community management committees that received financial training from TASAF and had successfully managed at least one TASAF-supported project. The villages were randomized into treatment and control groups, stratified on village size and district. Among villages of a similar size and in the same district, each village had an equal likelihood of becoming a treatment village (i.e., getting the cash transfers) or becoming a control village (i.e., does not receive the cash transfer). This maximized the likelihood that treatment and control villages were similar in unobserved characteristics as well as the measured characteristics.

Random selection of the control and treatment villages was done after vulnerable households had been identified in all 80 villages, in order to ensure comparability between vulnerable households identified in the treatment and control groups.

Mode of data collection
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Computer Assisted Personal Interview [capi]

Research instrument
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All questionnaires were written in Swahili, and most (>99% at baseline) interviews were communicated in Swahili.

HOUSEHOLD QUESTIONNAIRE

A household questionnaire was administered in each household. It contained modules for the household roster, education, health, assets, and TRUST.

The roster module collected information on sex, age, and relationship of all household members. In the second and third rounds of the survey there were questions about migration both in and out of the household.

The education module contains questions about literacy, highest grade of education attained, and whether currently in school. These data were collected for those at least 3 years old.

The health module contains questions about the number of clinic visits made, health problems in last 4 weeks, treatment details for illnesses, ability to complete activities of daily living (ADL), and anthropometrics. Data on ADL were collected for those at least 15 years old in the first wave of the survey and collected for those at least 60 years old in subsequent waves. Anthropometric and child feeding practices data were collected for those under 5 years old. Other general health data were collected for everyone in the sample.

The child module inquires about the number of various assets (shoes, exercise books, etc) owned for children younger than 6 to 18 years old. It also asks questions about whether the child (4-18 years) works on a family income generating activity.

There are many other sections that pertain to the household as a whole (not its members). These include sections on the CCT program (how many payments has household received, how payment received, understanding CCT rules, etc), housing quality (floor material, roof material, etc), land/livestock owned, crops grown, transfers given/received, shocks (floods, droughts, deaths, etc), trust in community members (shopkeepers, teachers, doctors, etc), and participation in community activities.

COMMUNITY QUESTIONNAIRE

Three community-level questionnaires were administered only in the third wave of the survey: The school questionnaire was given to a teacher and covered topics such as school type, size, amenities, and location (GPS). The health facility questionnaire was given to a hospital employee and covered topics such as facility type, size, amenities, location (GPS), and ability to test for a range of illnesses. The last community-level questionnaire was given to a government official to learn about the community. Topics covered included village population, records kept by the local government, frequency of meetings, etc.

Cleaning operations
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Raw data are provided.

摘要
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本试点项目旨在检验通过社区主导发展（CDD）方法，利用社会基金实施条件性现金转移（CCT）计划的可能性，并了解为实现对高度脆弱人群的积极成果所需建立的系统。该项目标志着非洲首次利用社会基金机构实施CCT计划，以及首次采用CDD方法交付CCT计划。本试点项目的具体目标包括：（a）开发通过社会基金运营实现CCT计划社区主导交付的操作模式；（b）测试基于社区的CCT模型的有效性，并确保试点项目中的经验教训能够为政府关于支持脆弱家庭的政策制定提供信息。
地理覆盖范围
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三个区：巴加莫约、查姆温诺和基巴哈。
分析单元
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- 个人
- 家庭
- 社区

总体
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坦桑尼亚三个选定研究区（巴加莫约、查姆温诺和基巴哈）中最贫困、最脆弱的家庭，这些家庭由各村选出的社区管理委员会根据以下标准识别：（1）缺乏基本住宅或耕地；（2）难以每日进食两次；（3）过去一个月内无成年成员工作；（4）儿童衣着/鞋子状况恶劣；（5）家庭无牲畜；（6）家庭无土地。这些家庭被认为至少符合上述三个特征中的三个。研究在三个区——巴加莫约（距达累斯萨拉姆70公里）、查姆温诺（距达累斯萨拉姆500公里）和基巴哈（距达累斯萨拉姆35公里）进行。基线调查覆盖了80个村庄（40个处理组和40个对照组）。三个区的所有80个村庄都设有社区管理委员会，这些委员会已接受TASAF的财务培训，并成功管理了至少一个TASAF支持的项目。村庄根据村庄规模和区进行随机分组，在规模相似且位于同一区的村庄中，每个村庄成为处理村（即获得现金转移）或控制村（即不获得现金转移）的可能性相等。这最大程度地保证了处理村和控制村在不可观测特征以及观测特征上的相似性。在所有80个村庄中确定了脆弱家庭后，对控制村和处理村进行了随机选择，以确保处理组和控制组中识别的脆弱家庭之间的可比性。
数据类型
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样本调查数据 [ssd]
抽样程序
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在家庭层面，受益家庭资格标准基于社区通过焦点小组讨论自己定义的极端贫困家庭特征。标准是家庭必须是：（a）极端贫困；（b）未从其他项目获得类似的实物或现金福利；（c）有老年人（60岁以上）或孤儿或脆弱儿童（OVC）。所谓的“极端贫困”由利益相关者定义为满足以下至少三个特征的家庭：（1）缺乏基本住宅或耕地；（2）难以每日进食两次；（3）过去一个月内无成年成员工作；（4）儿童衣着/鞋子状况恶劣；（5）家庭无牲畜；（6）家庭无土地。
研究在三个区——巴加莫约（距达累斯萨拉姆70公里）、查姆温诺（距达累斯萨拉姆500公里）和基巴哈（距达累斯萨拉姆35公里）进行。基线调查覆盖了80个村庄（40个处理组和40个对照组）。三个区的所有80个村庄都设有社区管理委员会，这些委员会已接受TASAF的财务培训，并成功管理了至少一个TASAF支持的项目。村庄根据村庄规模和区进行随机分组，在规模相似且位于同一区的村庄中，每个村庄成为处理村（即获得现金转移）或控制村（即不获得现金转移）的可能性相等。这最大程度地保证了处理村和控制村在不可观测特征以及观测特征上的相似性。
数据收集方式
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计算机辅助个人访谈 [capi]
研究工具
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所有问卷均用斯瓦希里语编写，基线调查中大多数（>99%）的访谈也是用斯瓦希里语进行的。
家庭问卷

在每个家庭中进行了家庭问卷的发放。它包含家庭花名册、教育、健康、资产和TRUST等模块。
花名册模块收集了所有家庭成员的性别、年龄和关系信息。在调查的第二轮和第三轮中，还有关于家庭内和外的迁移问题。
教育模块包含关于识字、最高学历和是否目前在校的问题。这些数据至少收集了3岁以上的数据。
健康模块包含关于诊所访问次数、过去四周的健康问题、疾病的治疗细节、完成日常生活活动（ADL）的能力和人体测量学。在调查的第一波中，收集了至少15岁人的ADL数据，在随后的波次中收集了至少60岁人的ADL数据。在调查的第一波中，收集了5岁以下的人的人体测量学和儿童喂养实践数据。其他一般健康数据收集了样本中的所有人。
儿童模块询问了6至18岁以下儿童拥有的各种资产（鞋子、练习本等）的数量。它还询问了儿童（4-18岁）是否从事家庭收入生成活动。
还有许多其他部分与家庭整体（而非其成员）相关。这些包括关于CCT计划（家庭收到的付款数量、收到的付款方式、理解CCT规则等）、住房质量（地板材料、屋顶材料等）、土地/牲畜拥有情况、种植的作物、给予/收到的转移、冲击（洪水、干旱、死亡等）、对社区成员的信任（店主、教师、医生等）以及参与社区活动的部分。
社区问卷

仅在调查的第三波中进行了三个社区层面的问卷调查：学校问卷由教师填写，涵盖了学校类型、规模、设施和位置（GPS）等问题。卫生设施问卷由医院员工填写，涵盖了设施类型、规模、设施、位置（GPS）和检测各种疾病的能力等问题。最后一项社区层面的问卷由政府官员填写，以了解社区情况。涵盖的主题包括村庄人口、地方政府保留的记录、会议频率等。
数据清理操作
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提供原始数据。