Table_1_Impact of including two types of destoned olive cakes in pigs’ diets on fecal bacterial composition and study of the relationship between fecal microbiota, feed efficiency, gut fermentation, and gaseous emissions.docx

The microbial population in the pig’s gastrointestinal tract can be influenced by incorporating fibrous by-products into the diets. This study investigated the impact of including two types of dried olive cake (OC) in pigs’ diets on fecal bacterial composition. The correlation between fecal microbiota and growth performance, nutrient digestibility, gut fermentation pattern and slurry gas emissions was also evaluated. Thirty male Pietrain x (Landrace x Large white) pigs (47.9 ± 4.21 kg) were assigned to three groups: a control group (C), a group fed a diet with 20% partially defatted OC (20PDOC), and a group fed a diet with 20% cyclone OC (20COC) for 21 days. Fecal samples collected before and after providing the experimental diets were analyzed for the V3-V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene. Pigs were weighed, and feed intake was recorded throughout the study. Potential ammonia and methane emissions from slurry were measured. No significant differences in alpha diversity indexes were found. The taxonomic analysis revealed that Firmicutes and Bacteroidota phyla were dominant at the phylum level across all groups. Differential abundance analysis using ALDEx showed significant differences among groups for various bacteria at the phylum, genus, and species levels at the end of the experiment. Pigs from 20PDOC and 20COC groups exhibited increased abundances of health-promoting bacteria, such as Plactomycetota at the phylum level and Allisonella and an unidentified genus from the Eggerthellaceae family at the genus level. These changes influenced short-chain fatty acids’ (SCFA) concentration in slurries, leading to greater acetic, butyric, caproic and heptanoic acids in OC-fed groups, especially 20COC pigs. A volatility analysis revealed significant positive correlations (p

本研究探讨了将纤维性副产品融入饲料中对猪肠道微生物群落的影响。研究旨在评估加入两种干橄榄饼（OC）的猪饲料对粪便细菌组成的影响，并探究粪便微生物群与生长性能、营养消化率、肠道发酵模式以及粪便气排放之间的相关性。实验中，将30头体重为47.9±4.21公斤的公猪（Pietrain x [Landrace x Large white]）分为三组：一组为对照组（C），另一组为摄入含20%部分脱脂橄榄饼（20PDOC）饲料的组，第三组为摄入含20%旋风橄榄饼（20COC）饲料的组，实验持续21天。在提供实验性饲料前后收集粪便样本，对16S rRNA基因的V3-V4区域进行分析。在整个研究过程中，记录猪的体重和饲料摄入量。测量了粪便中潜在氨和甲烷的排放量。未发现α多样性指数存在显著差异。系统发育分析显示，在门水平上，所有组别中厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）和拟杆菌门（Bacteroidota）均占主导地位。使用ALDEx进行差异丰度分析表明，在实验结束时，各处理组在门、属和种水平上存在显著差异的细菌。20PDOC组和20COC组的猪表现出有益于健康的细菌（如厚壁菌门）在门水平上以及艾格瑟氏菌科（Eggerthellaceae）中的Allisonella属及一未知属的丰度增加。这些变化影响了粪便中短链脂肪酸（SCFA）的浓度，导致在OC饲养组中，特别是20COC组中，乙酸、丁酸、己酸和庚酸含量增加。挥发性分析揭示了显著的正相关性（p