Litter commensal bacteria can limit the horizontal gene transfer of antimicrobial resistance to Salmonella in chickens

Fostering a 'balanced' gut microbiome through the administration
of beneficial microbes that can competitively exclude pathogens has gained
a lot of attention and use in human and animal medicine. However, little
is known on how microbes affect the horizontal gene transfer of
antimicrobial resistance (AMR). To shed more light on this question, we
challenged neonatal broiler chicks raised on reused broiler chicken litter
– a complex environment made up of decomposing pine shavings, feces, uric
acid, feathers, and feed, with Salmonella Heidelberg (S. Heidelberg), a
model pathogen. We used 16S rRNA gene sequencing and metagenomics to show
that chicks raised on reused litter harbored a uniform and diverse
microbiome compared to chicks raised on fresh litter. Furthermore, whole
genome sequencing revealed that chicks grown on reused litter were at a
lower risk of colonization with S. Heidelberg strains that encoded AMR on
plasmids. We found that E. coli was the main reservoir of plasmids
encoding AMR and that IncI1 plasmid was maintained at a significantly
lower copy per cell in reused litter compared to fresh litter. These
results supports the notion that commensal bacteria can competitively
exclude pathogens that harbor plasmids encoding AMR.