Patient characteristics.^*

AF, atrial fibrillation; BMI, body mass index; BPM, beats per minute; CV, cardiovascular; EHRA, European Heart Rhythm Association; HR, heart rate; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; NA, not available; SD, standard deviation. CHADS2, congestive heart failure, hypertension, age ≥75 years, diabetes, prior stroke or TIA (doubled); CHA2DS2-VASc, congestive heart failure, hypertension, age ≥75 years (doubled), diabetes, prior stroke or TIA (doubled), vascular disease, age 65–74 years and sex category (female). *Data are not complete for all patients: the reported percentage is for the number of patients with data available for each given variable. †CV risk factors used for this calculation included age >50 years for males/>65 years for females, family history of premature CV disease, family history of premature sudden death, current smoker, no physical activity, obesity, arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and dyslipidemia. Table S3 shows characteristics of permanent AF patients according to revised definition of control used in the RACE II study, i.e., lenient control (in sinus rhythm or in AF with HR <110 bpm) or no control (no sinus rhythm and in AF with HR ≥110 bpm).