Phedra polysaccharides regulate the anti-inflammatory immunity of the intestinal microecology and bacterial metabolites in rheumatoid arthritis

The mechanism of ESP action on RA might connect to ESP's capacity to lower IL-1beta and IL-6 amounts, safeguard the gut barrier, and manage the interplay between mucosal immune systems and abnormal local microbiota. This maintains immune balance and mediates the suppression of FLS proliferation via the HDAC/TLR4/NF-kappaB route, thus aiding its anti-inflammatory and immune-modulating impacts.