Colloidally Stable and Surfactant-Free Protein-Coated Gold Nanorods in Biological Media

In this work, we investigate the
ligand exchange of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) with bovine
serum albumin for gold nanorods. We demonstrate by surface-enhanced
Raman scattering measurements that CTAB, which is used as a shape-directing
agent in the particle synthesis, is completely removed from solution
and particle surface. Thus, the protein-coated nanorods are suitable
for bioapplications, where cationic surfactants must be avoided. At
the same time, the colloidal stability of the system is significantly
increased, as evidenced by spectroscopic investigation of the particle
longitudinal surface plasmon resonance, which is sensitive to aggregation.
Particles are stable at very high concentrations (cAu 20 mg/mL) in biological media such as phosphate buffer
saline or Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s Medium and over
a large pH range (2–12). Particles can even be freeze-dried
(lyophilized) and redispersed. The protocol was applied to gold nanoparticles
with a large range of aspect ratios and sizes with main absorption
frequencies covering the visible and the near-IR spectral range from
600 to 1100 nm. Thus, these colloidally stable and surfactant-free
protein-coated nanoparticles are of great interest for various plasmonic
and biomedical applications.