Deciphering the reading of the genetic code by near-cognate tRNA

Some codons of the genetic code can be read not only by cognate, but also by near-cognate tRNAs. This flexibility is thought to be conferred mainly by a mismatch between the third base of the codon and the first of the anticodon (the so-called wobble position). However, this simplistic explanation underestimates the importance of nucleotide modifications in the decoding process. Using a system in which only near-cognate tRNAs can decode a specific codon, we investigated the role of six modifications of the anticodon, or adjacent nucleotides, of the tRNAs specific for Tyr, Gln, Lys, Trp, Cys and Arg in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Modifications almost systematically rendered these tRNAs able to act as near-cognate tRNAs at stop codons, even though they involve non-canonical base-pairs, without markedly affecting their ability to decode cognate or near-cognate sense codons. These findings reveal an important effect of modifications to tRNA decoding with implications for understanding the flexibility of the genetic code. Riboseq was done to study the readthrough after stop codons in WildType and Mutant.