Supplementary information files for Portions selected to stave off hunger are reduced when food is presented in an ‘unusual’ food-to-mealtime context: An implication for implicit satiety drivers

Supplementary files for article Portions selected to stave off hunger are reduced when food is presented in an ‘unusual’ food-to-mealtime context: An implication for implicit satiety drivers
Research suggests that the role of expected satiety in influencing portion-size selection is reduced when food is presented in unusual food-to-mealtime contexts; however, the underlying mechanism has not been explored. Other research has revealed that different implicit satiety drivers (e.g., to stop momentary hunger or obtain complete fullness) are associated with different perceived levels of stomach fullness, portion-size selections and can change on instruction. The current study explored whether changes in expected satiety and ideal portions in congruous vs incongruous contexts can be explained by changes in implicit satiety drivers. Another aim was to investigate a previous exploratory finding suggesting that portions selected to stave off hunger are reduced when foods are presented in unusual food-to-mealtime contexts. At two trials (breakfast/lunch), participants (n = 40) selected a portion of typical lunch (pasta) and breakfast (porridge) foods via a psychophysical computer-based method 1) to stave off hunger for 5 h, and 2) as an ideal portion. Participants also indicated their perceived level of stomach fullness associated with 1) each portion, and 2) five implicit satiety drivers. Results revealed that a smaller average portion was selected to stave off hunger in incongruous (vs congruous) food-to-mealtime contexts (531 ± 229 vs 575 ± 236 kcal) (p = 0.008). This suggests that expected satiety is influenced by momentary context; foods are perceived to be more satiating when consumed in unusual (vs usual) contexts. Results also showed that implicit satiety drivers are malleable in regard to the portion size associated with a perceived level of stomach fullness and that this can vary contextually. These findings provide initial evidence to explain the psychological mechanism underlying the contextual differences observed in portion-size selections. Future work should explore longer-term impacts of consuming foods in unusual contexts.

补充文章文件：在非同寻常的用餐时刻情境中展示食物可降低应对饥饿所选份量——对隐含饱腹驱动因素的启示
研究表明，当食物以非同寻常的用餐时刻情境展示时，预期饱腹感在影响份量选择中的作用减弱；然而，其潜在机制尚未得到充分探究。其他研究揭示了不同的隐含饱腹驱动因素（例如，停止短暂的饥饿或获得完全的饱腹感）与不同的胃部饱腹感感知水平、份量选择相关联，并且根据指令可以发生变化。本研究旨在探讨在一致与不一致情境下预期饱腹感和理想份量的变化是否可以由隐含饱腹驱动因素的变化来解释。另一个目标是调查先前的一项探索性发现，即当食物以非同寻常的用餐时刻情境展示时，用于抵御饥饿的份量选择会减少。在两次试验（早餐/午餐）中，参与者（n = 40）通过心理物理计算机方法选择典型的午餐（面食）和早餐（粥）食品的份量，旨在1）维持5小时的饥饿感，以及2）作为理想份量。参与者还表示了与1）每个份量以及2）五个隐含饱腹驱动因素相关的胃部饱腹感感知水平。结果显示，在非一致（与一致）的用餐时刻情境中，所选的平均份量较小（531 ± 229与575 ± 236千卡）(p = 0.008)。这表明预期饱腹感受即时情境的影响；食物在非同寻常（与通常）的情境中被感知为更具饱腹感。结果还显示，隐含饱腹驱动因素在感知的胃部饱腹感水平相关联的份量大小方面具有可塑性，并且这种可塑性会因情境而异。这些发现为解释观察到的份量选择情境差异背后的心理机制提供了初步证据。未来的研究应探索在非同寻常情境中食用食物的长期影响。