Telepathy: A Science or Pseudoscience ?

Telepathy: A Science or Pseudoscience ?

Telepathy means transmission of information from one person to another without using any known human sensory channels or physical interaction. The term was coined by Frederick W. H. Myers, a founder of the society for psychical research, in 1882 [1].
Over the decades, the researches on telepathy failed to produce any convincing and replicable evidence that could prove that telepathy exists, and often been considered by the scientific community as to be the pseudoscience.
Here, we are predicting from some common observations that though telepathy, in the sense of thought transmission, may not be existing, emotional transmission could be a possible phenomenon.
These common observations are :
(1) In a room full of happy persons, a person will also feel happy to some extent, although in normal situation there is no reason for him to be happy to that extent. Festive occasions for that carry feelings of happiness to everyone in that community.
In opposite, in a room full of gloomy persons, a normal individual will feel distressed to some extent.
Or in a room full of angry persons, a normal person will feel distressed on anger emotional scale.
(2) Suppose in a room someone is present and another person very angrily entered in that room from behind silently. Without having any sensational perception (through vision, audition, physical contact etc.) the existing person will feel a sensation of another's anger.
(3) In a crowded place, we feel dizzy, because of variant emotional expressions by others. In a secluded place, or when we are in our own room, we feel a more relaxed mental state.

All of the above mentioned common observations predict the fact that there is possibility that emotions could be transmitted by some measure without any sensational perception (vision, audition, touch etc.) and without any human made sensory channels from one person to another at a considerable distance.
If it could be so, the question comes what could be this unknown measure?
There are two possibilities :
(1) Ultrasonic waves which is dependent on an existing medium between the emitter and perceiver.
(2) Electromagnetic waves (which is most possible).

Any study could rule out the former by changing the medium. Like whether an angry person will affect another to same extent in air or under water, or not. Or in space, whether it is possible for this emotional transmission or not. And also by directly measuring ultrasonic waves.

But if it is electromagnetic wave, then study should be carried out to detect the change in intensity of any particular range of electromagnetic waves around a person, when the person is expressing strongly an emotion, or not.
One study revealed the evidence of emitting specific electromagnetic waves, other than thermal radiation, by a living human body that they intended to detect a living human body buried under snow or caved in in an earthquake, mines, etc. [2]. If it is true, we have to accept the fact that living human body can emit electromagnetic waves other than thermal radiations.
So it is also possible that intensity as well as wavelengths or frequencies of these waves could alter in different emotional states. Or different emotional centers in brain emit EMWs of different wavelengths or frequencies and their intensity varies on the grades of expression of that emotion.

In this abstract, we are not predicting that the telepathy, as a conception of thought transmission, is possible. But a person's emotional state can be transmissible to another person at a distance without any contact or usual sensory perception.
However, if emotional transmission exists, one can understand another's emotional state at a distance. And he can also predict from this information what the emitter is roughly thinking about for that moment, though it is not possible for the receiver to tell about what the emitter is exactly thinking.
But intimacy can also close these factors. A person who is a receiver and well-acquianted with the emitter, would more correctly tell about his thinking. For example, if 'A' person knows that 'B' person gets more angry to someone or something, it is more easy to predict for the 'A' person from the 'B' person's severe angry state – to what he is so angry, and more correctly read his mind. If 'A' person knows what the 'B' person loves the most, then from the 'B' person's intense lovable emotional state, 'A' person could predict what 'B' person is thinking about for that moment.

However, the facts here should be considered that if it is true, emotional transmission is both range dependent and intensity dependent. An angry or joyful person will affect another more in a room or in close proximity, but less when they are 100 meters or more apart. The more the distance the less will be the emotional perception. And another variable is the strength of expressed emotion. When emotions are strong, obviously our emotional centers would emit stronger waves which will be carried on for longer distance.
So this typy of transmission is both range and strength dependent.
In this case, it also should be speculated that these EMWs are specific and not similar in their frequencies with respect to different emotional centers of our brain. Different emotional centers have their unique nature of their waves including their specific frequencies. As emotional recognition is dependent on simultaneous possession of similar emotional centers in an organism [3], these specific waves targeted to affect the similar emotional centers in others. Another important factor is that not everyone’s brain is equally powerful to produce waves of stronger intensities with regard to different emotions. The more powerful it is, the stronger waves it can produce and that can travel greater distance without attenuation; and thus can affect larger number of other brains. So it can indirectly also reflect a person’s emotionality quotient (EQ), with regard to a particular emotion or a person’s general emotionality.

This article is just a prediction from our common observations. We think that we need to carry out scientific researches to detect out the possibility of the existence of this type of transmission.

References :
[1] https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telepathy
[2] Lipkova J, Cechak J (2005). “Human electromagnetic emission in the ELF band”. Measurement Science Review; Vol.5, section 2, 2005.
[3] Das K K (2017). “A Theoretical Approach to Define and Analyze Emotions”. Int J Emerg Ment Health; Vol 19(4): 374, pg 1-14.

[The author is searching research grant to carry out this research]

心灵感应：一门科学还是伪科学？
心灵感应，意指信息在人与人之间传递，无需借助任何已知的人类感官渠道或物理互动。此术语由心灵研究协会的创始人弗雷德里克·W·H·迈尔斯于1882年提出[1]。
数十年来，对心灵感应的研究未能产生任何令人信服且可复制的证据，以证明其存在，科学界常常将其视为伪科学。
在此，我们根据一些常见的观察预测，尽管心灵感应在思想传递的意义上可能并不存在，但情感传递可能是一种可能的现象。
这些常见的观察包括：
(1) 在一个充满快乐之人的房间里，一个人也会在一定程度上感到快乐，尽管在正常情况下，他并没有理由如此快乐。节日场合将快乐的感觉传递给社区中的每个人。
相反，在一个充满忧郁之人的房间里，一个正常的人会在一定程度上感到痛苦。
或者在一个充满愤怒之人的房间里，一个正常的人会在愤怒的情感尺度上感到痛苦。
(2) 假设在一个房间里有人在场，另一个人非常愤怒地从房间后面默默地进入。在没有任何感官感知（通过视觉、听觉、身体接触等）的情况下，在场的人会感受到另一个人的愤怒。
(3) 在拥挤的地方，我们感到头晕，这是因为他人的各种情绪表达。在隐蔽的地方，或者当我们身处自己的房间时，我们感到更加放松的精神状态。

所有上述的常见观察都预示着这样一个事实，即情感有可能通过某种方式传递，而无需任何感官感知（视觉、听觉、触觉等）和无需任何人为感官渠道，从一个人传递到另一个相隔甚远的人。
如果确实如此，那么问题来了，这未知的度量是什么？
有两种可能性：
(1) 超声波，它依赖于发射者和接收者之间存在的介质。
(2) 电磁波（最有可能）。
任何研究都可以通过改变介质来排除前者。例如，愤怒的人是否会在空气中或水下以同样的程度影响另一个人，或者在太空中，这种情感传递是否可能。还可以通过直接测量超声波。
但如果是电磁波，那么研究应该进行以检测当一个人强烈表达情感时，其周围特定范围电磁波的强度变化，或者不是。
一项研究揭示了活体人类身体发出特定电磁波的证据，除了热辐射之外，他们意图探测被雪覆盖或地震中坍塌的人类身体[2]。如果这是真的，我们必须接受这样一个事实，即活体人类身体可以发出除了热辐射之外的电磁波。
因此，这些波的强度以及波长或频率在不同情绪状态下可能也会改变。或者，大脑中的不同情绪中心发出不同波长或频率的EMWs，其强度随情绪表达的等级而变化。

在本摘要中，我们并不是预测心灵感应，作为一种思想传递的概念，是可能的。但一个人的情绪状态可以在没有接触或通常的感官感知的情况下，传递给另一个距离较远的人。
然而，如果情感传递存在，一个人可以理解另一个人的情绪状态，并可以根据这些信息预测发射者此刻的大致想法，尽管接收者无法确切知道发射者的想法。
但亲密关系也可以消除这些因素。一个作为接收者且与发射者熟悉的人，可以更准确地了解他的想法。例如，如果“A”人知道“B”人对某人或某事更加愤怒，那么“A”人可以更容易地从“B”人严重的愤怒状态中预测出他为何如此愤怒，并更准确地解读他的心思。如果“A”人知道“B”人最爱的东西，那么从“B”人强烈的喜爱情感状态中，“A”人可以预测“B”人此刻的想法。
然而，这里应该考虑的事实是，如果这是真的，情感传递既依赖于距离，也依赖于强度。愤怒或快乐的人在一个房间或近距离内对另一个人影响更大，但当他们相隔100米或更远时，影响就会减小。距离越远，情感感知就越弱。另一个变量是表达的情感强度。当情感强烈时，显然我们的情绪中心会发出更强的波，这些波可以传播更远的距离。
因此，这种传输既依赖于距离，也依赖于强度。
在这种情况下，也应推测这些EMWs是特定的，并且与大脑中不同的情绪中心的频率不同。不同的情绪中心具有其独特的波的性质，包括其特定的频率。因为情绪识别取决于一个生物体同时拥有相似的情绪中心[3]，这些特定的波针对影响他人的相似情绪中心。另一个重要因素是，并非每个人的大脑都能以相同的强度产生不同情感的波。大脑越强大，它可以产生的波就越强，并且这些波可以传播更远而不衰减；因此，它可以影响更多的其他大脑。因此，它也可以间接反映一个人的情绪商数（EQ），特别是针对特定情感或一个人的总体情绪商数。
本文只是基于我们的常见观察所作的预测。我们认为，我们需要进行科学研究以检测这种传输存在的可能性。

参考文献：
[1] https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telepathy
[2] Lipkova J, Cechak J (2005). “Human electromagnetic emission in the ELF band”. Measurement Science Review; Vol.5, section 2, 2005.
[3] Das K K (2017). “A Theoretical Approach to Define and Analyze Emotions”. Int J Emerg Ment Health; Vol 19(4): 374, pg 1-14.

[作者正在寻求研究资金以进行这项研究]