Pairwise comparisons of the non-indigenous and native species percent cover and richness sampled from experimental “reef” (sandstone plates).

Non-indigenous invertebrate a) percent cover and b) species richness, native invertebrate c) percent cover and d) species richness, and e) native algal percent cover and species richness. Analyses compared new and established assemblages on sandstone plates that were either oriented vertically or horizontally and subject to different shading treatments. Where an interaction term was significant, the assemblages, orientations or shading treatments for which these patterns were significant are indicated in the right column.