Results of repeated measures MANOVA.

Treatment tests the difference between red-backed salamander depletion and reference plots. The ecosystem functions nitrogen mineralization, nitrification, acorn germination, and decomposition rates of litterbags, litterboxes, and wood dowels were repeatedly measured in three years 2009–2011. The effect of treatment on the densities of spiders, centipedes, and carabid beetles was also tested using the Pillai test statistic.