Code from: PID-controller enhanced artificial β-cells

Conventional management of diabetes via injection or external insulin pumps suffers from inconvenience and inability to accurately maintain blood glucose levels. A potential solution to these problems consists of implanting synthetic artificial β-cells that can sense glucose and transcribe insulin protein. Experimental results from Xie et al. show these cells are able to release insulin and somewhat improve postprandial glucose levels in diabetic mice. However, they fail to achieve the degree of glucose regulation as in healthy mice. In our analysis, we explain that this artificial β-cell system has a major disadvantage: it is a high-dimensional dynamic system but with little tuning space. Here, we propose an analytical model of a PID-controller-based enhanced artificial β-cell design to solve this issue. Our numerical simulations show that a model of PID-controlled engineered artificial β-cells can shut down production of insulin in time and maintain a proper glycemia level, in additio..., , # Reproducibility package for “PID-controller enhanced artificial β-cells”

This archive contains all MATLAB scripts and embedded initial conditions needed to reproduce the figures in the paper. **No external datasets are required.**

## Contents

* `paper_code.m` — generates all figures except the cell-density figure.
* `cell_density.m` — generates the cell-density figure.

## Requirements

* MATLAB R2022b or later (uses `dictionary` and `tail`); tested on R2023b
* Toolboxes: base MATLAB only (`ode23`)
* OS tested: Windows 11 / macOS 14

## How to run

In MATLAB:

```matlab
% All figures except the cell-density figure
run('paper_code.m')

% Cell-density figure
run('cell_density.m')

## Runtime notes
These simulations are compute-intensive and may take a long time to run (potentially hours), depending on hardware and MATLAB version. The code is deterministic; long runtime is expected.
```

, , **Changes after Oct 7, 2025:** Update the PID gain parameters in paper_code.m