Data from: Adaptive changes in sexual signaling in response to urbanization

Urbanization can cause species to adjust their sexual displays, as the
effectiveness of mating signals is impacted by environmental conditions.
Despite many examples showing that mating signals in urban conditions
differ from those in rural conditions, we do not know whether these
differences provide a combined reproductive and survival benefit to the
urban phenotype. Here we show that male túngara frogs have increased the
conspicuousness of their calls, which is under strong sexual and natural
selection by signal receivers, as an adaptive response to city life. The
urban phenotype consequently attracts more females than the forest
phenotype, while avoiding the costs imposed by eavesdropping bats and
midges, which we show are rare in urban areas. Finally, we show in a
translocation experiment that urban frogs can reduce risk of predation and
parasitism when moved to the forest, but that forest frogs do not increase
their sexual attractiveness when moved to the city. Our findings thus
reveal that urbanization can rapidly drive adaptive signal change via
changes in both natural and sexual selection pressures.