The association between SGA and perinatal outcomes compared with AGA by HDI country groups.

The reference category is infants with a birthweight that is appropriate for gestational age in each subgroup analysis. SGA = small-for-gestational age; AGA = appropriate-for-gestational age; HDI = Human Development Index, AOR = adjusted odds ratio. Two-level structure random effects regression models were used to obtain ORs: individual (level 1) and facility (level 2). Adjusted for maternal age, marital status, education, parity, medical conditions during pregnancy such as chronic hypertension, preeclampsia/eclampsia, severe anaemia, malaria/dengue, HIV/AIDs at the individual level, and capacity of health facilities at the facility level. Three-level structure random effects regression models were used to obtain ORs: individual (level 1), facility (level 2) and country (level 3). Same adjustment at individual and facility level and additional adjustment for country HDI at the country level. ***p<0.001 **p<0.01 *p<0.05.