A Global Meta-Analysis of Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Before and During COVID-19

This is the dataset used for the following article:
A Global Meta-Analysis of Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Before and During
COVID-19

BY
Hojjat Daniali, Monica Martinussen, and Magne Arve Flaten

Objective: This meta-analysis compared negative emotions (NEs) as depression, anxiety, and stress, from
before the pandemic to during the pandemic. Method: A total of 59 studies (19 before, 37 during-pandemic,
and 3 that included both) using. The Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS) were included. A random
effects model estimated the means of NEs before and during the pandemic. Results: Studies from 47 countries
involving 193,337 participants were included. Globally, NEs increased during the pandemic, and
depression had the largest elevation. In Asia, depression and stress were elevated, whereas in Europe,
only depression increased, and in America, no differences in NEs between before and during the pandemic
were observed. The later time phase of the pandemic was associated with lower stress globally, and lower
stress and anxiety in Europe. Being younger was associated with more stress globally, and being older was
associated with higher anxiety in Asia. Students had higher anxiety globally and higher NEs in all three
aspects in Europe compared to the general population. The COVID-19 infection rate was associated with
more stress globally, and stress and anxiety in Europe. During the pandemic, females reported higher levels
of depression, anxiety, and stress compared to males, most pronounced in Europe. Conclusion: NEs
increased during the pandemic, with younger and student populations, females and Asians having the highest
elevations.

The first datset named ''Negative emotions total 2022-12-15'' includes the means and SDs for negative emotions for all included studies. 

The second dataset named '' Negative emotions  males and females 2022-12-15'' includes means and SDs for negative emotions for  males and females (standardized mean differences; Hedges' g).