Comprehensive Food Security and Vulnerability Analysis 2006. - Rwanda

Abstract
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After a decade of rapid and sustained economic growth, Rwanda has made significant progress toward rebuilding after the devastating 1994 genocide. Still, it remains one of Africa’s poorest countries and the majority of the population (60 percent) lives below thepoverty line. Per capita income, even when adjusted for purchasing power parity, has yet to reach its 1990 levels. Population and Household Living Conditions Study (EICV) survey data from 2001 suggest that over 70 percent of the rural population is considered to be food poor; 45 percent of children aged 6–59 months are stunted and 3.9 percent are wasted. Thus, it is evident that there is still a need to address structural causes of food insecurity; including low agricultural productivity, increased population pressure on land, soil erosion, malfunctioning markets, spread of diseases and epidemics, as well as, the longstanding effect of conflict/genocide, which has increased human vulnerability.

It is against this background that the World Food Program (WFP) proposed to undertake a national Comprehensive Food Security and Vulnerability Analysis (CFSVA) with the objective of measuring the extent and depth of food insecurity and vulnerability, and identifying the underlying causes. The study is intended to inform relevant decision-making processes to mitigate food crises and increase food security. This report presents the results of the analysis of three sources of data: collection of quantitative primary data from 2,806 households selected nationwide to be representative at a sub-provincial level (food economy zones); collection of qualitative primary data; and secondary information (literature review).

The purpose of this Comprehensive Food Security and Vulnerability Analysis (CFSVA) is to provide an accurate baseline and understanding of chronic food insecurity and vulnerability conditions in rural Rwanda, and how best to respond to them. It seeks to identify the population and location of people vulnerable to food insecurity and malnutrition, highlight causes and determine necessary interventions and priority areas that can reduce their vulnerability and support their livelihood.

This will help to develop and target programme activities toward those who most need them (profiles) in the most effective way (intervention). It will further support the development of a monitoring and evaluation system by establishing a baseline against which to measure post-shock changes.

Food security exists when "all people, at all times, have physical and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life10". It is understood as a multidimensional function of:
1) food availability: the amount of food physically available to a household (micro level) or at the national level (macro);
2) food access: the physical (e.g. road network, market) and economical (e.g. own production, exchange, purchase) ability of a household to acquire adequate amounts of food; and
3) food utilization: the intra-household use of the food accessible and the individual's ability to absorb and use nutrients (e.g. function of health
status).

Vulnerability is "the probability of an acute decline in food access, or consumption, often in reference to some critical value that defines minimum levels of human well-being". It is a function of:
1) exposure to risk: the probability of an event that, if it did materialize, would cause a welfare loss (e.g. drought); and
2) risk management: the ability to mitigate the possible consequences of a probable event. This can in turn be divided into ex-ante risk manageme (preparedness) and ex-post risk management (ability to cope). The ability to cope is the response after an event occurred; it can be negative and affect the resource base of the household, such as the selling of assets, or positive (non-negative response such as migration). The ability to cope is undermined by the intensity of the event itself but also by poor structural and societal conditions such as poverty.

Geographic coverage
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National Coverage

Analysis unit
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Households

Universe
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Rural Household members

Kind of data
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Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure
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The Rwanda 2006 Comprehensive Food Security and Vulnerability Analysis (CFSVA) sought to characterize household food insecurity and vulnerability at the sub-provincial level of the country. The country is divided into five provinces (Kigali-Ville, Northern Province, Southern Province, Eastern Province and Western Province), 30 districts and 416 sectors. Each sector is composed of cells, which are subdivided into designated villages (imidugudu). Since it was impossible to cover and be representative of all 30 districts of Rwanda within the time and budget allocated to the study (and because there were too few provinces), it was decided to use the 12 Food Economy Zones (FEZ) identified in 2003 by the Rwanda Vulnerability Baseline Assessment conducted by the Ministry of Agriculture and Animal Resources (MINAGRI), the Ministry of Youth, Culture and Sports (MIJESPOC), the Ministry of Local Administration, Community Development and Social Affairs (MINALOC), the World Food Programme (WFP) and FEWS NET. All FEZ but Kigali were surveyed.

The sample universe for this study was all rural households of Rwanda. A multi-stage sampling procedure was used to select households within each FEZ. Zones de dénombrement (ZD, enumeration zones) were selected first, followed by households. The 2002 census divided sectors in 7,727 ZD. ZD were also used for the 2002 and 2005 Population and Household Living Conditions Study (EICV). ZD were used for the first stage of sampling so that data from EICV studies could be incorporated in the analysis.

A total of 493 ZD were selected randomly (stratified by FEZ and well distributed throughout the former administrative provinces) from the list of all rural ZD. Within those ZD, comprehensive household lists were used to randomly select a total sample of 2,806 households. The sample size was designed to provide representative results at the FEZ level. A total of 2,786 households were interviewed for this study. General characteristics of the sampled population are provided in Figure 2-2: Sample size and composition. The average household size was 5.2 people. The average age of the household head was 46, and 29 percent of the households were headed by women.

Mode of data collection
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Face-to-face paper [f2f]

Research instrument
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The community questionnaire was developed using an approach similar to that of the household questionnaire. It used both a closed-ended and an open-ended, structured format and covered five areas (occupation, contextual information, HIV/AIDS, migration and market information).

Cleaning operations
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A team of ten people at the National Institute of Statistics Rwanda (NISR) handled data entry for the household and community questionnaires. A database was developed using CSPro for data entry. The database was imported in SPSS for analysis. Statistical analysis was conducted by WFP in Rwanda and Rome, with the support of NISR. SPSS and ADDATI 5.2c were used to conduct Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and clustering analysis. Nutritional indicators were calculated using EpiInfo EPINUT. All other analysis was done using SPSS.

摘要
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经过十年的快速增长和持续的经济繁荣，卢旺达在1994年灾难性的种族大屠杀之后重建方面取得了显著的进步。然而，它仍然是非洲最贫穷的国家之一，60%以上的民众生活在贫困线以下。即使按购买力平价调整人均收入，也尚未达到1990年的水平。2001年进行的卢旺达人口和家庭生活状况调查（EICV）数据显示，超过70%的农村人口被视为食物贫困；6至59个月大的儿童中有45%发育迟缓，3.9%消瘦。因此，显而易见，仍需解决食物不安全的结构性原因；包括农业生产力低、人口对土地的压力增加、土壤侵蚀、市场功能不健全、疾病和流行病的传播，以及长期冲突/种族大屠杀的影响，这些都增加了人类脆弱性。
在此背景下，世界粮食计划署（WFP）提出了进行国家级综合粮食安全和脆弱性分析（CFSVA），旨在衡量食物不安全和脆弱性的程度和深度，并确定其根本原因。本研究旨在为相关决策过程提供信息，以缓解粮食危机并提高粮食安全。本报告呈现了分析三个数据来源的结果：从全国范围内选出的、代表省级以下水平的2,806个家庭的定量初级数据收集；定性初级数据的收集；以及次级信息（文献综述）。
综合粮食安全和脆弱性分析（CFSVA）的目的是提供一个准确的基础和了解农村卢旺达慢性食物不安全和脆弱性状况，以及如何最好地应对这些状况。它旨在确定易受食物不安全和营养不良影响的群体和地点，强调原因并确定必要的干预措施和优先领域，以减少他们的脆弱性并支持他们的生计。
这将有助于以最有效的方式（干预）针对最需要的人群（轮廓）制定和定位项目活动。它还将通过建立基准来支持监测和评估系统，以便衡量冲击后的变化。
粮食安全存在于“所有人、在任何时候，都有足够的、安全的和营养的食物，以满足其饮食需求和食物偏好，过上积极健康的生活”的情况下。它被视为一个多维度的功能：
1) 食物可得性：一个家庭（微观层面）或国家层面（宏观层面）可得到的食物量；
2) 食物可及性：一个家庭获取足够食物的物理（例如，道路网络、市场）和经济（例如，自给自足、交换、购买）能力；
3) 食物利用：可利用的食物在家庭内部的使用以及个人吸收和利用营养的能力（例如，健康状况的功能）。
脆弱性是“食物获取或消费急剧下降的概率，通常指定义人类福祉最低水平的某个临界值”。它是一个由以下因素构成的功能：
1) 面临风险的概率：一个事件发生的概率，如果发生，将导致福利损失（例如，干旱）；
2) 风险管理：减轻可能事件可能后果的能力。这可以进一步分为事前风险管理（准备）和事后风险管理（应对能力）。应对能力是事件发生后做出的反应；它可以是否定的，影响家庭的资源基础，如出售资产，或积极的（非负反应，如迁移）。应对能力受事件本身的强度以及贫困等不良的结构和社会条件的影响。
地理覆盖范围
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全国覆盖
分析单元
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家庭
总体
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农村家庭成员
数据类型
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样本调查数据 [ssd]
抽样程序
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2006年卢旺达综合粮食安全和脆弱性分析（CFSVA）旨在描述国家省级以下水平的家庭食物不安全和脆弱性。国家分为五个省（基加利市、北部省、南部省、东部省和西部省）、30个区和416个部门。每个部门由细胞组成，细胞再细分为指定的村庄（imidugudu）。由于在研究和分配的时间和预算内无法覆盖和代表卢旺达的所有30个区（以及因为省份太少），决定使用2003年由农业和动物资源部（MINAGRI）、青年、文化和体育部（MIJESPOC）、地方政府、社区发展和社会事务部（MINALOC）、世界粮食计划署（WFP）和FEWS NET进行的卢旺达脆弱性基准评估中确定的12个食物经济区（FEZ）。除了基加利外，所有FEZ都进行了调查。
本研究的样本总体是卢旺达所有农村家庭。在每个FEZ内使用多阶段抽样程序选择家庭。首先选择人口普查区（ZD，枚举区），然后是家庭。2002年的人口普查将部门划分为7,727个ZD。ZD也用于2002年和2005年的人口和家庭生活状况调查（EICV）。ZD用于抽样的第一阶段，以便将EICV研究的数据纳入分析。
从所有农村ZD的清单中随机选择了493个ZD（按FEZ分层，并在前行政省中均匀分布）。在这些ZD内，使用全面的家庭名单随机选择总共2,806个家庭作为样本。样本量旨在在FEZ层面提供代表性的结果。总共对2,786个家庭进行了访谈。样本人口的总体特征在图2-2中提供：样本大小和组成。平均家庭规模为5.2人。户主平均年龄为46岁，29%的家庭由女性领导。
数据收集方式
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面对面纸质 [f2f]
研究工具
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社区问卷的开发采用了与家庭问卷类似的方法。它采用了封闭式和开放式、结构化的格式，并涵盖了五个领域（职业、背景信息、HIV/AIDS、移民和市场信息）。
数据清理操作
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卢旺达国家统计局（NISR）的十人团队负责家庭和社区问卷的数据录入。使用CSPro开发了数据库以进行数据录入。数据库导入SPSS进行分析。统计分析由在卢旺达和罗马的世界粮食计划署（WFP）以及NISR的支持下进行。使用SPSS和ADDATI 5.2c进行主成分分析（PCA）和聚类分析。使用EpiInfo EPINUT计算营养指标。所有其他分析均使用SPSS进行。