Statistically significant results obtained using SICK or OECA approaches.

References: (1): (M→BD) is the risk that the study medication (“M”) causes the birth defect studied (“BD”); (2): (M→OBD) is the risk that the study medication (“M”) produces congenital anomalies other than the birth defect under study (“OBD”); (3): (OM→BD) is the risk that other medicines (“OM”) produce the birth defect studied (“BD”); (4): (OM→OBD) is the risk that other medications (“OM”) cause other birth defects (“OBD”); (5): Exposure: (ANTI) antiepileptic medications, (INSU) insulin, (ACET) acetaminophen.