Explaining Echis envenoming: Transcriptomic and proteomic profiling of Echis carinatus venom

In India, venom research has largely focussed on the ‘big four’ snakes that are greatly responsible for the burden of snakebite in the Indian subcontinent. This study aims to advance understanding of saw-scaled viper venoms from India, we implemented a multi-faceted approach. We sequenced the venom gland transcriptome of E. carinatus for the first time, while also characterising its venom proteome. This was followed by the evaluation of the biochemical activities of the major toxins in E. carinatus venoms. Finally, we assessed the in vitro binding efficacy and in vivo neutralising potency of commercial antivenoms against E. carinatus