Among uncircumcised men, anaerobic gram-negative bacterial abundance and IL-8 levels in the coronal sulcus (CS) are strongly linked to HIV acquisition, and the dramatic reduction in both factors after
HIV-1 is transmitted through semen from men to their sexual partners. Genital infections can increase HIV-1 RNA shedding in semen, but shedding also occurs in the absence of typical pathogens. We hypo
