Enterprise Survey 2009 - Mauritius

Abstract
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The objective of the survey is to obtain feedback from enterprises in client countries on the state of the private sector as well as to help in building a panel of enterprise data that will make it possible to track changes in the business environment over time, thus allowing, for example, impact assessments of reforms. Through interviews with firms in the manufacturing and services sectors, the survey assesses the constraints to private sector growth and creates statistically significant business environment indicators that are comparable across countries.

The standard Enterprise Survey topics include firm characteristics, gender participation, access to finance, annual sales, costs of inputs/labor, workforce composition, bribery, licensing, infrastructure, trade, crime, competition, capacity utilization, land and permits, taxation, informality, business-government relations, innovation and technology, and performance measures. Over 90% of the questions objectively ascertain characteristics of a country’s business environment. The remaining questions assess the survey respondents’ opinions on what are the obstacles to firm growth and performance. The mode of data collection is face-to-face interviews.

Geographic coverage
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National

Analysis unit
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The primary sampling unit of the study is the establishment. An establishment is a physical location where business is carried out and where industrial operations take place or services are provided. A firm may be composed of one or more establishments. For example, a brewery may have several bottling plants and several establishments for distribution. For the purposes of this survey an establishment must make its own financial decisions and have its own financial statements separate from those of the firm. An establishment must also have its own management and control over its payroll.

Universe
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The whole population, or the universe, covered in the Enterprise Surveys is the non-agricultural economy. It comprises: all manufacturing sectors according to the ISIC Revision 3.1 group classification (group D), construction sector (group F), services sector (groups G and H), and transport, storage, and communications sector (group I). Note that this population definition excludes the following sectors: financial intermediation (group J), real estate and renting activities (group K, except sub-sector 72, IT, which was added to the population under study), and all public or utilities sectors.

Kind of data
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Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure
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For Mauritius, the sectors included in the sample by two-digit ISIC code are as follows: Manufacturing: 15, 18; Other Manufacturing: 16, 17, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35 , 36, 37; Services: 52; Residual/Remainder/Other Services: 45, 50, 51, 55, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 72. The Enterprise Survey for Mauritius targeted 480 registered establishments with at least five employees, 120 registered establishments with one to four employees (micro), and 120 non-registered firms in the sectors defined above. The sampling for registered and non-registered establishments was implemented separately.

In the Enterprise Surveys, the requirements for registration are defined on a country-by-country basis using the information collected by Doing Business and information from the in-countrycontractors. In Mauritius, the registration requirement used to differentiate the sample was registration with the Register of Companies.

The sample for registered establishments in Mauritius was selected using stratified random sampling. Two levels of stratification were used in the Mauritius sample: firm sector and firm size.

Industry stratification was designed as follows: the universe was stratified into three manufacturing industries (food, textiles, and other), one services industry (retail) and one residual sector. The initial sample design had a target of 240 interviews in manufacturing and 120 interviews each in the services and residual categories, though this sample design was later adjusted to reflect the low prevalence of manufacturing establishments in Mauritius. The initial sample design for micro targeted 120 establishments, 60 in manufacturing and 60 in services. The sample design for the informal survey was designed to mirror the micro sample.

Size stratification was defined following the standardized definition used for the Enterprise Surveys: micro (1 to 4 employees), small (5 to 19 employees), medium (20 to 99 employees), and large (more than 99 employees). For stratification purposes, the number of employees was defined on the basis of reported permanent full-time workers.

Given the stratified design, sample frames containing a complete and updated list of establishments as well as information on all stratification variables (number of employees, industry, and region) are required to draw the sample for the Enterprise Surveys. Two frames were used for the Mauritius Enterprise Survey. The first was a file of registered companies provided by the Central Statistical Office [CSO] in Mauritius updated to 2008. The second frame was supplied by the World Bank. It consisted of enterprises interviewed for Enterprise Survey (ES) in 2005. The World Bank required that attempts should be made to re-interview establishments responding to the 2005 survey where they were in the selected geographical regions and met eligibility criteria. That sample is referred to as the Panel.

The quality of the frame was assessed at the onset of the project and was not immune from the typical problems found in establishment surveys: positive rates of non-eligibility, repetition, non-existent units, etc. Given the impact that non-eligible units included in the sample universe may have on the results, adjustments may be needed when computing the appropriate weights for individual observations. The percentage of confirmed non-eligible units as a proportion of the total number of sampled establishments contacted for the survey was 35.2% (1039 out of 2,950 establishments for the ES and micro samples, including panel establishments).

Mode of data collection
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Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument
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The current survey instruments are available:
- Core Questionnaire + Manufacturing Module [ISIC Rev.3.1: 15-37]
- Core Questionnaire + Retail Module [ISIC Rev.3.1: 52]
- Core Questionnaire [ISIC Rev.3.1: 45, 50, 51, 55, 60-64, 72]
- Screener Questionnaire.

The “Core Questionnaire” is the heart of the Enterprise Survey and contains the survey questions asked of all firms across the world. There are also two other survey instruments - the “Core Questionnaire + Manufacturing Module” and the “Core Questionnaire + Retail Module.” The survey is fielded via three instruments in order to not ask questions that are irrelevant to specific types of firms, e.g. a question that relates to production and nonproduction workers should not be asked of a retail firm. In addition to questions that are asked across countries, all surveys are customized and contain country-specific questions. An example of customization would be including tourism-related questions that are asked in certain countries when tourism is an existing or potential sector of economic growth.

The standard Enterprise Survey topics include firm characteristics, gender participation, access to finance, annual sales, costs of inputs/labor, workforce composition, bribery, licensing, infrastructure, trade, crime, competition, capacity utilization, land and permits, taxation, informality, business-government relations, innovation and technology, and performance measures. Over 90% of the questions objectively ascertain characteristics of a country’s business environment. The remaining questions assess the survey respondents’ opinions on what are the obstacles to firm growth and performance.

Cleaning operations
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Data entry and quality controls are implemented by the contractor and data is delivered to the World Bank in batches (typically 10%, 50% and 100%). These data deliveries are checked for logical consistency, out of range values, skip patterns, and duplicate entries. Problems are flagged by the World Bank and corrected by the implementing contractor through data checks, callbacks, and revisiting establishments.

Response rate
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Complete information regarding the sampling methodology, sample frame, weights, response rates, and implementation can be found in "Description of Mauritius Implementation" in "Technical Documents" folder.

本调查的宗旨在于收集客户国家企业对私营部门现状的反馈，并协助构建企业数据面板，以便跟踪商业环境随时间的变化，从而实现对改革影响的评估。通过访谈制造业和服务业的企业，本调查评估了私营部门增长的制约因素，并创建了具有统计意义的、可跨国家比较的商业环境指标。标准企业调查主题包括企业特征、性别参与、融资渠道、年销售额、投入/劳动力成本、劳动力构成、贿赂、许可、基础设施、贸易、犯罪、竞争、产能利用率、土地和许可、税收、非正式性、政府与企业关系、创新与技术以及绩效指标。超过90%的问题客观地确认了国家商业环境的特征。其余问题则评估调查受访者对企业增长和绩效所面临的障碍的看法。数据收集方式为面对面访谈。

地理覆盖范围
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全国

分析单元
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本研究的初级抽样单元为法人实体。法人实体是指进行商业活动、工业运营或提供服务的地方。一家公司可能包含一个或多个法人实体。例如，一家啤酒厂可能有多个灌装厂和多个分销法人实体。在本调查中，法人实体必须能够独立做出财务决策，并拥有与其公司财务报表分离的独立财务报表。法人实体还必须拥有自己的管理权和对其工资单的控制权。

总体
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企业调查的总体，即涵盖的范围，是非农业经济。它包括：根据ISIC修订版3.1分组分类的所有制造业部门（组D）、建筑业部门（组F）、服务业部门（组G和H），以及运输、仓储和通信部门（组I）。请注意，此人口定义不包括以下部门：金融中介（组J）、房地产业和租赁活动（组K，除子部门72，IT，该子部门已被纳入研究总体），以及所有公共或公用事业部门。

数据类型
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样本调查数据 [ssd]

抽样程序
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对于毛里求斯，样本中包含的按两位ISIC代码划分的部门如下：制造业：15，18；其他制造业：16，17，19，20，21，22，23，24，25，26，27，28，29，30，31，32，33，34，35，36，37；服务业：52；剩余/其他服务业：45，50，51，55，60，61，62，63，64，72。毛里求斯的企业调查针对至少有五名员工的480家注册企业，针对一名至四名员工的120家注册企业（微型企业），以及120家非注册企业。注册和非注册企业的抽样是分开实施的。

企业调查中的注册要求根据各国的情况，利用《营商环境》收集的信息以及国内承包商提供的信息来确定。在毛里求斯，用于区分样本的注册要求是向公司注册处登记。

毛里求斯注册企业的样本采用分层随机抽样。毛里求斯样本使用了两个分层级别：企业部门和规模。

行业分层设计如下：总体被分为三个制造业（食品、纺织和其他），一个服务业（零售）和一个剩余部门。最初的样本设计在制造业的目标为240个访谈，在服务和剩余类别中各120个访谈，但后来这种样本设计被调整以反映毛里求斯制造业企业的低普及率。微型样本的初始样本设计为120家实体，其中制造业60家，服务业60家。非正式调查的样本设计旨在反映微型样本。

规模分层定义遵循企业调查使用的标准化定义：微型（1至4名员工）、小型（5至19名员工）、中型（20至99名员工）和大型（超过99名员工）。为了分层的目的，员工人数基于报告的永久全职工作人员数量。

鉴于分层设计，需要包含完整和最新企业名单以及所有分层变量（员工人数、行业和地区）的样本框架，以便抽取企业调查的样本。毛里求斯企业调查使用了两个框架。第一个是由毛里求斯中央统计局[CSO]提供的注册公司文件，更新至2008年。第二个由世界银行提供。它包括为2005年企业调查（ES）接受访谈的企业。世界银行要求尝试重新访谈在选定地理区域内且符合资格标准的2005年调查中的企业。该样本被称为“面板”。

在项目开始时评估了框架的质量，并且不会免受法人实体调查中常见的典型问题的影响：非合格单位的正率、重复、不存在单位等。鉴于样本总体中包含的非合格单位可能对结果产生的影响，在计算个别观察的适当权重时可能需要进行调整。作为样本企业总数中非合格单位确认百分比的比例，为35.2%（ES和微型样本中1039家非合格单位中的2,950家单位）。

数据收集方式
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面对面 [f2f]

研究工具
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当前调查工具如下：
- 核心问卷 + 制造业模块 [ISIC Rev.3.1: 15-37]
- 核心问卷 + 零售模块 [ISIC Rev.3.1: 52]
- 核心问卷 [ISIC Rev.3.1: 45, 50, 51, 55, 60-64, 72]
- 筛选问卷。

“核心问卷”是企业调查的核心，包含向全球所有企业提出的问题。还有另外两种调查工具——“核心问卷 + 制造业模块”和“核心问卷 + 零售模块”。调查通过三种工具进行，以避免向特定类型的企业提出不相关的问题，例如，与生产和非生产工人相关的问题不应向零售企业提出。除了在各国提出的问题外，所有调查都是定制的，并包含特定于国家的问题。定制的例子包括在某些国家，当旅游业是现有或潜在的经济增长部门时，询问与旅游业相关的问题。

标准企业调查主题包括企业特征、性别参与、融资渠道、年销售额、投入/劳动力成本、劳动力构成、贿赂、许可、基础设施、贸易、犯罪、竞争、产能利用率、土地和许可、税收、非正式性、政府与企业关系、创新与技术以及绩效指标。超过90%的问题客观地确认了国家商业环境的特征。其余问题则评估调查受访者对企业增长和绩效所面临的障碍的看法。

数据清洗操作
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数据录入和质量控制由承包商实施，数据以批量（通常为10%，50%和100%）的形式提交给世界银行。这些数据交付将进行逻辑一致性、超出范围值、跳过模式和重复条目的检查。问题由世界银行标记并由实施承包商通过数据检查、回访和重新访问企业进行纠正。

响应率
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有关抽样方法、样本框架、权重、响应率和实施情况的完整信息，请参阅“技术文件”文件夹中的“毛里求斯实施描述”。