Assessment of cultural ecosystem service values in mountainous urban parks based on sex differences

<b> </b>Urban parks play a crucial role in providing Cultural Ecosystem Services (CES) to city residents. However, research on gender differences in mountainous urban parks remains limited. This study aims to clarify sex-based differences in CES perceptions and landscape preferences in mountainous urban parks and explore the relationship between CES and landscape elements under gender-differentiated perceptions. Data were collected and analyzed using visitor-employed photography, the SolVES model, questionnaires, and SPSS. Results showed that males preferred slopes, steps, garden facilities, and recreational facilities, while females favored overlooks, ponds, squares, and platforms. Based on the findings, the study recommends enhancing mountainous-specific CES and integrating gender-inclined landscapes to break gender stereotypes in cultural landscape concepts. Ultimately, these efforts aim to position parks as integral to urban sustainable development, enhancing overall resident well-being.