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ARFGAP, cargo, v-SNAREs and p24 proteins bind nascent COPI complex

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Binding and polymerization of the coatomer (the COPI coat) is coordinated with the incorporation of cargo proteins and Golgi-targeting snares, as well as with recruitment of ARFGAP proteins (Letourneur et al, 1994; Nagahama et al,1996; Bremser et al, 1999). <br>Typical model cargo for COPI-mediated trafficking includes the viral glycoprotein VSV-G and proinsulin as well as the KDEL receptors, which bind and recycle ER-resident proteins and which themselves must be returned to post-ER compartments (Cosson and Letourner, 1994; Ben-Tekaya et al, 2005; Majoul et al, 2001; Orci et al, 1997, Bremser et al, 1999; Presley et al, 1997; reviewed in Beck et al, 2009). <br>Other protein components of the COPI vesicle include the p24 family of proteins, which serve diverse roles in the early secretory pathway (reviewed in Schuiki and Volchuk, 2012). Oligomeric p24 proteins interact with ADP-bound ARF and components of the COPI coat, contributing to coatomer recruitment and oligomerization (Gommel et al, 2001; Majoul et al, 2001; Bethune et al, 2006; Harter and Wieland, 1998; Langer et al, 2008; Reinhard et al, 1999). The p24 proteins also act as cargo receptors for various proteins destined for packaging in COPI vesicles; these include GPI-anchored transmembrane proteins, WNT ligands and some G-protein coupled receptors (Takida et al, 2008; Bonnon et al, 2010; Luo et al, 2011; Beuchling et al, 2011; Wang and Kazanietz, 2002; reviewed in Schuiki and Volchuk, 2012). Finally, the p24 proteins contribute to COPI coat disassembly by restricting ARF GTPase activity until cargo has been loaded (Goldberg, 2000; Lanoix et al, 2001). <br>ARFGAPs are recruited to the budding vesicle through direct interaction with active ARF, the cytoplasmic tails of cargo proteins and with components of the COPI coat (Goldberg, 2000; Majoul et al, 2001; Aoe et al, 1997; Kliouchnikov et al, 2009; Luo et al, 2009). Stimulation of ARF GTPase activity is coordinated with cargo recruitment to ensure that only cargo-loaded vesicles are produced (Goldberg, 2000; Luo et al, 2009). <br>Mammalian cells have 3 ARFGAPs that appear to be involved in COPI-mediated traffic, ARFGAP1,2 and 3 (Frigerio et al, 2007; Liu et al, 2001; Kahn et al, 2008). ARFGAP1 has a ALPS domain that recognizes membrane curvature and that is required for the GTPase stimulating activity of the protein, suggesting a mechanism for coordinating ARF1-mediated GTP hydrolysis with vesicle formation (Bigay et al, 2003; Mesmin et al, 2007). ARFGAP 2 and 3 do not contain this motif, and their activity is dependent upon interaction with coatomer (Weimar et al 2008; Kliouchnikov et al, 2009; Luo et al, 2009). <br>Finally, there is evidence that components of the ankyin/spectrin skeleton may be incorporated in the nascent COPI vesicle, acting as a bridge between cargo proteins and the dynein-dynactin complex required for their transport to the Golgi (Devarajan et al, 1997; Godi et al, 1998; Holleran et al, 1996; Holleran et al, 2001).

囊泡相关蛋白复合物(COPI衣被)的组装与聚合,与货物蛋白的整合、高尔基靶向钩环的募集以及ARFGAP蛋白(Letourneur 等人,1994;Nagahama 等人,1996;Bremser 等人,1999)的招募相协调。典型的COPI介导的运输模型货物包括病毒糖蛋白VSV-G、前胰岛素以及KDEL受体,这些受体结合并循环内质网驻留蛋白,同时它们自身也必须返回到内质网之后的空间(Cosson 和 Letourner,1994;Ben-Tekaya 等人,2005;Majoul 等人,2001;Orci 等人,1997,Bremser 等人,1999;Presley 等人,1997;参见Beck 等人,2009年的综述)。COPI囊泡的其他蛋白组分包括p24蛋白家族,这些蛋白在早期分泌途径中扮演多样化的角色(参见Schuiki 和 Volchuk,2012年的综述)。寡聚态的p24蛋白与ADP结合的ARF以及COPI衣被的组分相互作用,有助于囊泡相关蛋白的募集和寡聚化(Gommel 等人,2001;Majoul 等人,2001;Bethune 等人,2006;Harter 和 Wieland,1998;Langer 等人,2008;Reinhard 等人,1999)。p24蛋白还作为各种蛋白质的货物受体,这些蛋白质旨在包装到COPI囊泡中;这些包括GPI锚定的跨膜蛋白、WNT配体以及一些G蛋白偶联受体(Takida 等人,2008;Bonnon 等人,2010;Luo 等人,2011;Beuchling 等人,2011;Wang 和 Kazanietz,2002;参见Schuiki 和 Volchuk,2012年的综述)。最后,p24蛋白通过限制ARF GTP酶活性直至货物装载完成,从而有助于COPI衣被的解聚(Goldberg,2000;Lanoix 等人,2001)。ARFGAPs通过直接与活性ARF、货物蛋白的细胞质尾以及COPI衣被的组分相互作用而被招募到出芽囊泡上(Goldberg,2000;Majoul 等人,2001;Aoe 等人,1997;Kliouchnikov 等人,2009;Luo 等人,2009)。ARF GTP酶活性的刺激与货物募集相协调,以确保仅产生装载货物的囊泡(Goldberg,2000;Luo 等人,2009)。哺乳动物细胞拥有3种ARFGAPs,似乎参与COPI介导的交通,即ARFGAP1、2和3(Frigerio 等人,2007;Liu 等人,2001;Kahn 等人,2008)。ARFGAP1具有ALPS结构域,该结构域能够识别膜曲率,且对于蛋白的GTP酶刺激活性是必需的,这表明了一种协调ARF1介导的GTP水解与囊泡形成的机制(Bigay 等人,2003;Mesmin 等人,2007)。ARFGAP 2和3不含有这种基序,它们的活性依赖于与囊泡相关蛋白的相互作用(Weimar 等人,2008;Kliouchnikov 等人,2009;Luo 等人,2009)。最后,有证据表明ankyrin/spectrin骨架的组分可能被整合到新生的COPI囊泡中,作为货物蛋白与介导其运输到高尔基体的dynein-dynactin复合物之间的桥梁(Devarajan 等人,1997;Godi 等人,1998;Holleran 等人,1996;Holleran 等人,2001)。
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