The effect of pressure on gene expression of blood and venous endothelial cells in humans

Two matched groups of Heart Failure with reduced ejection fraction patients with no peripheral venous congestion were studied: with recent prior heart failure hospitalization vs. without recent heart failure hospitalization. Peripheral venous congestion was modeled by inflating a cuff around the dominant arm, targeting an ~30mmHg increase in venous pressure (venous stress test). Blood and endothelial cells were sampled before and after 90 minutes of venous stress test. hospitalization (n= 12 ) vs no hospitalization (n= 11)