CARMINE - D2.6 B-Kode: High-Resolution Urban Climate and Thermal Comfort Dataset for 7 Case Study Areas

Description This dataset contains high-resolution spatial data generated as part of Deliverable 2.6 of the CARMINE project. It provides detailed urban morphological and land cover characterizations, along with a modeled thermal comfort metric (Universal Thermal Climate Index - UTCI) for seven European Case Study Areas (CSAs): Athens, Barcelona, Birmingham, Bologna, Brașov, Leipzig, and Prague. The input geographic data was generated using the Urbanscape framework (see Section 2.1 of DS2.6_TechnicalNote_B-Kode), which processes universally available global data products. Together with ERA5 meteorological reanalysis data, these inputs drive the GLIDE-SOL modeling infrastructure (Zonato et al., 2026) which utilizes a GPU-accelerated version of the SOLWEIG urban climate model to produce high-resolution (2 x 2 m²) output maps (see Section 2.3 of DS2.6_TechnicalNote_B-Kode). These outputs represent an initial version of the dataset intended to support the assessment of urban heat stress and the potential impact of Nature-Based Solutions (NbS). Future project phases will focus on (i) the further validation of the GLIDE-SOL framework and (ii) the explicit simulation of various NbS scenarios. For more information and a full description of the data with figures and graphs, it is recommended to read the pdf-file: DS2.6_TechnicalNote_B-Kode. References Zonato, A., Kamath, H.G., Sudharsan, N., Monaco, L., Kittner, J., Wolf, L., Demuzere, M., Middel, A., Bechtel, B., and Milelli, M., 2026. GLIDE-SOL: A GPU-accelerated Global Lightweight Infrastructure for Diagnostic Environmental Modeling with SOLWEIG. Geoscientific Model Development. https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2026-776/ File structure The dataset consists of 7 ZIP archives, one for each Case Study Area (CSA), with its GHS-UCDB ID as prefix: 560_Prague_CzechRepublic.zip 854_Athens_Greece.zip 1878_Brasov_Romania.zip 3065_Bologna_Italy.zip 3888_Birmingham_UnitedKingdom.zip 5071_Barcelona_Spain.zip 5304_Leipzig_Germany.zip Each ZIP archive contains the following GeoTIFF (.tif) raster files: 1. Morphological & Land Cover Inputs These layers represent the static digital version of the city used as input for the thermal comfort modeling: Landuse.tif: A categorical land cover map, where pixel values correspond to: 1: Paved (impervious surfaces, roads, buildings) 2: Vegetation (trees, grass, shrubs) 3: Water (rivers, lakes, sea, ocean) 4: Bare Soil / Sand / None of the above Buildings.tif: Building heights (in meters above ground level). Non-building pixels are assigned a No Data value. Trees.tif: Canopy Height Model (CHM) representing vegetation height (in meters above ground level) derived from high-resolution global canopy products (e.g., Meta Forest Monitoring). Non-tree pixels are assigned a No Data value. SVF_static.tif: Sky View Factor map calculated using SOLWEIG, from the combined building and vegetation data. Values range from 0 (completely obstructed sky) to 1 (open sky). 2. Thermal Comfort (UTCI) Outputs Maps representing the percentage of hours during a selected 3-day heatwave event where the UTCI exceeded specific thresholds. These UTCI thresholds (X °C) are predefined and vary by city to best highlight local heat stress gradients. Hours_UTCI_gte_threshold_[X]C_day.tif: Percentage of daytime hours where UTCI ≥ X°C. Hours_UTCI_gte_threshold_[X]C_night.tif: Percentage of nighttime hours where UTCI ≥ X°C. Hours_UTCI_gte_threshold_[X]C_full.tif: Percentage of total hours (day + night) where UTCI ≥ X°C. Technical Specifications Spatial Resolution: 2x2 m² Time Period: The thermal comfort maps correspond to a specific 3-day heatwave event selected for each city. Athens (854): 2021-08-01 to 2021-08-03 Barcelona (5071): 2023-08-21 to 2023-08-23 Birmingham (3888): 2022-07-17 to 2022-07-19 Bologna (3065): 2019-06-25 to 2019-06-27 Brașov (1878): 2024-07-13 to 2024-07-15 Leipzig (5304): 2022-07-18 to 2022-07-20 Prague (560): 2019-07-23 to 2019-07-25 Coordinate Reference System (CRS): UTM (Universal Transverse Mercator) zone specific to each city's location: Prague (560): UTM Zone 33N (EPSG: 32633) Athens (854): UTM Zone 34N (EPSG: 32634) Brașov (1878): UTM Zone 35N (EPSG: 32635) Bologna (3065): UTM Zone 32N (EPSG: 32632) Birmingham (3888): UTM Zone 30N (EPSG: 32630) Barcelona (5071): UTM Zone 31N (EPSG: 32631) Leipzig (5304): UTM Zone 33N (EPSG: 32633)