HE EFFECTIVENESS OF INTERACTIVE AND VISUAL TECHNOLOGIES IN TEACHING ANATOMY AND HISTOLOGY: THE ROLE OF 3D ANATOMICAL SOFTWARE AND VIRTUAL MICROSCOPY IN KNOWLEDGE ACQUISITION AND RETENTION

Anatomy and histology form the morphological foundation of medical education, yet both subjects face reduced contact hours, limited access to cadaveric and glass-slide resources, and rising student expectations for digital learning. This article reviews current evidence оn interactive and visual technologies in these disciplines, focusing on three-dimensional (3D) anatomical software and virtual microscopy. Drawing on multimedia learning, cognitive load, and dual coding theories, it explains how manipulable models and navigable digital slides support the understanding of complex spatial and microstructural relationships. Published studies suggest that 3D visualization improves spatial knowledge and engagement, while virtual microscopy yields examination results comparable with conventional microscopy and adds flexibility and standardization. Evidence on long-term retention is encouraging but depends on integration with active retrieval, formative assessment, and instructor guidance. Practical recommendations and the limitations of current research are also discussed. The article concludes that these tools are most effective as complements to, not replacements for, traditional laboratory teaching.