Enterprise Survey 2018 - Lao PDR

Abstract
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The survey was conducted in Lao PDR between May and November 2018 by the World Bank Group (WBG). The objective of the Enterprise Survey is to gain an understanding of what firms experience in the private sector. As part of its strategic goal of building a climate for investment, job creation, and sustainable growth, the World Bank has promoted improving the business environment as a key strategy for development, which has led to a systematic effort in collecting enterprise data across countries. The Enterprise Surveys (ES) are an ongoing World Bank project in collecting both objective data based on firms' experiences and enterprises' perception of the environment in which they operate.

Geographic coverage
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National coverage

Analysis unit
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Unit of analysis is establishment. An establishment is a physical location where business is carried out and where industrial operations take place or services are provided. A firm may be composed of one or more establishments. For example, a brewery may have several bottling plants and several establishments for distribution. For the purposes of this survey an establishment must make its own financial decisions and have its own financial statements separate from those of the firm. An establishment must also have its own management and control over its payroll.

Universe
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Lao PDR ES was based on the following size stratification: small (5 to 19 employees), medium (20 to 99 employees), large (100 or more employees) and no information (unknown).

Kind of data
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Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure
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The sample for 2018 Lao PDR ES was selected using stratified random sampling, following the methodology explained in the Sampling Note.

Three levels of stratification were used in this country: industry, establishment size, and region.

Industry stratification was designed as follows: the universe was stratified into Manufacturing industries (ISIC Rev. 3.1 codes 15- 37), Retail industries (ISIC code 52) and Other Services (ISIC codes 45, 50, 51, 55, 60-64, and 72).

For the Lao PDR ES, size stratification was defined as follows: small (5 to 19 employees), medium (20 to 99 employees), large (100 or more employees) and no information (unknown).

Regional stratification for the Lao PDR ES was done across five regions: Vientiane, Luang Prabang, Khammouane, Savannakhét and Champasak.

Note: Refer to Sampling Structure section in "The Lao PDR 2018 Enterprise Surveys Data Set" document for further details on sampling.

Mode of data collection
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Computer Assisted Personal Interview [capi]

Research instrument
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The structure of the data base reflects the fact that 2 different versions of the survey instrument were used for all registered establishments. Questionnaires have common questions (core module) and respectfully additional manufacturing- and services-specific questions. The eligible manufacturing industries have been surveyed using the Manufacturing questionnaire (includes the core module, plus manufacturing specific questions). Retail firms have been interviewed using the Services questionnaire (includes the core module plus retail specific questions) and the residual eligible services have been covered using the Services questionnaire (includes the core module). Each variation of the questionnaire is identified by the index variable, a0.

Response rate
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Survey non-response must be differentiated from item non-response. The former refers to refusals to participate in the survey altogether whereas the latter refers to the refusals to answer some specific questions. Enterprise Surveys suffer from both problems and different strategies were used to address these issues.

Item non-response was addressed by two strategies:
a- For sensitive questions that may generate negative reactions from the respondent, such as corruption or tax evasion, enumerators were instructed to collect the refusal to respond (-8) as a different option from don’t know (-9).

b- Establishments with incomplete information were re-contacted in order to complete this information, whenever necessary. However, there were clear cases of low response. The following graph shows non-response rates for the sales variable, d2, by sector. Please, note that for this specific question, refusals were not separately identified from “Don’t know” responses.

The number of interviews per contacted establishments was 12.0%.

摘要
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本调查于2018年5月至11月在老挝人民民主共和国（Lao PDR）由世界银行集团（WBG）进行。企业调查的目的是深入理解私营部门企业的经历。作为其构建投资环境、创造就业和可持续增长的战略目标的一部分，世界银行将改善商业环境作为发展的关键战略，这导致了在各国收集企业数据的系统努力。企业调查（ES）是世界银行持续进行的项目，旨在收集基于企业经历的客观数据和企业在运营环境中对企业环境的感知。
地理覆盖范围
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全国覆盖
分析单元
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分析单元为机构。机构是指开展业务和进行工业运营或提供服务的地方。一个企业可能由一个或多个机构组成。例如，一家啤酒厂可能有几个灌装厂和几个用于分销的机构。在本调查中，机构必须能够独立做出财务决策，并拥有与其企业财务报表分开的独立财务报表。机构还必须拥有其自身的管理和对其工资单的控制权。
总体
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老挝人民民主共和国企业调查基于以下规模分层：小型（5至19名员工）、中型（20至99名员工）、大型（100名或以上员工）以及无信息（未知）。
数据类型
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样本调查数据 [ssd]
抽样程序
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2018年老挝人民民主共和国企业调查的样本采用分层随机抽样方法选取，具体方法在抽样说明中已有详细解释。
在本国，使用了三个分层级别：行业、机构规模和地区。
行业分层设计如下：总体分为制造业（ISIC Rev. 3.1代码15-37）、零售业（ISIC代码52）和其他服务（ISIC代码45、50、51、55、60-64和72）。
对于老挝人民民主共和国企业调查，规模分层定义为：小型（5至19名员工）、中型（20至99名员工）、大型（100名或以上员工）以及无信息（未知）。
老挝人民民主共和国企业调查的地区分层涉及五个地区：万象、琅勃拉邦、甘蒙、萨万纳克和占巴塞。
注：有关抽样结构的更多详细信息，请参阅“老挝人民民主共和国2018年企业调查数据集”文档中的抽样结构部分。
数据收集方式
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计算机辅助个人访谈 [capi]
研究工具
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数据库的结构反映了以下事实：为所有已注册机构使用了两种不同的调查工具版本。问卷包含共同问题（核心模块）以及分别针对制造业和服务业的附加问题。对合格的制造业行业进行了制造业问卷的调查（包括核心模块和制造业特定问题）。零售公司通过服务业问卷进行了访谈（包括核心模块和零售特定问题），剩余合格的服务业通过服务业问卷进行了覆盖（包括核心模块）。每种问卷变体通过索引变量a0进行识别。
响应率
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调查非响应必须与项目非响应区分开来。前者是指完全拒绝参与调查，而后者是指拒绝回答某些特定问题。企业调查存在这两种问题，并采用了不同的策略来解决这些问题。
项目非响应通过两种策略解决：
a- 对于可能引起受访者负面反应的敏感问题，例如腐败或逃税，调查员被指示将拒绝回答（-8）作为一个不同于不知道（-9）的不同选项收集。
b- 在必要时，对信息不完整的机构进行了重新联系，以完成这些信息。然而，存在明显的低响应率。以下图表显示了按部门划分的销售变量d2的非响应率。请注意，对于这个问题，拒绝回答与“不知道”回答没有分别识别。
每个联系机构的访谈数量为12.0%。