The effect of methylphenidate hydrochloride on intestinal dysfunction and its mechanism from the viewpoint of intestinal microorganisms

Attention deficitand hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common childhood psychiatric disorder. Methylphenidate hydrochloride (MPH), a first-line drug for the treatment of ADHD, is of great concern for the gastrointestinal adverse effects it induces. Although probiotics have made significant advances in the treatment of a variety of diseases, the ameliorative effects of the combination of methylphenidate hydrochloride and probiotics on adverse drug reactions have not been fully investigated. The aim of this study was to explore the effect of MPH on gut microbiota.