Bound-state formation and thermalization within the Lindblad approach

The Lindblad master equation is a frequently used Markovian approach to describe open quantum systems in terms of the temporal evolution of a reduced density matrix. Here, the thermal environ- ment is traced out to obtain an expression to describe the evolution of what is called a system: one particle or a chain of interacting particles, which is/are surrounded by a thermal heat bath. In this work, we investigate the formation of non-relativistic bound states, involving the P¨oschl- Teller potential, in order to discuss the formation time and the thermal equilibrium, applying scales from nuclear physics. This problem is borrowed from the field of heavy-ion collisions, where the deuteron is a probe which is measured at temperature regimes around the chemical freeze out temperature, while the deuteron itself has a binding energy which is much lower. This is known and often described as a “snowball in hell”. We use a reformulated Lindblad equation, in terms of a diffusion-advection equation with sources and therefore provide a hydrodynamical formulation of a dissipative quantum master equation